Study into Mapping Blind Spots

Study into routine Blind SpotsThough the blind tell is a character of the retina that is devoid of photoreceptors, therefore relaying no visual information, it does not lead to the go steady of a deplorable hole in our visual field (Sakaguchi, 2001). This is ascribable to the perceptual phenomenon of filling-in, whereby a visual attribute such as annotate and brightness is perceived in the blind-spot, even though it notwithstanding exists in the surround (Komatsu, 2006).A long-standing question has been whether perceptual filling-in ignores this absence of information or actively fills it in (De Weerd, 2006). The symbolic theory proposes that too soon visual areas only extract information at the step up b nightspot with the coloration and execute of the surface reconstructed in higher areas (Komatsu, 2006). Conversely, the isomorphic theory assumes that the retinotopic symbolize in the primary visual cortex (V1) receives information from the entire surface with visual fea tures such as tinge activated in early visual areas (De Weerd, 2006). and thence Komatsu (2006) proposes an amalgamation of the theories, that neural activity is higher along the edge of the blind-spot with these signals then spreading perilwise a two-dimensional soldiery of visual feature sensitive cells in early visual areas. hence the mechanisms of filling-in depend upon activity along the physiological edge of the blind-spot as Spillmann, Ottee, hamburger and Magnussen (2006) found that a ring as thin as 0.5 had been fit in inducing people of touch in filling-in. Li et al., (2014) analysed this through 2.5 mono-coloured annuli, finding that it warp in completely, providing evidence for active colour filling-in from a gloomy border.Fahle and Schmid (1987) proposed that the loaded standoffishness between photoreceptors is slightly higher for the secular slope compared to the os bonye facial expression in the retina with the ganglion cells distributed in a simi lar irregular fashion. This spacial arrangement of the image as it is abuted within the retina is maintained in V1 (De Weerd, 2006). Hence Li et al., (2014) extended the area of homogenous stimuli to bi-coloured rings, revealing the heraldic bearing of a retinotopic rule in perceptual filling-in that favours the nasal side. Whilst this validates rapid colour filling-in as preattentive, these spatial arrangements may be affected by separate preattentive factors which contribute to global processes such as recounting strikingness (Brown Thurmond, 1993).Hence the current study aimed to examine ambiguities in perceptual filling-in when responding to both unhorse and higher-level processes. More specifically, whether differences in the intercourse strikingness of bi-coloured annuli affected the nasal or worldly affect (retinotopic rule) in filling-in blind-spot. As Brown and Thurmond (1993) infer that intercourse salience contributes to higher processes, exposure to increas ed intensiveness may alter the retinotopic rule. Based on these two studies, it was hypothesised that the average plectrum chance for round-backed filling-in would decline as the proportional saturation for the nasal side decreases. Reciprocally, it was hypothesised than lopsided choice probability would increase as telling saturation for the temporal side decreases.MethodParticipantsFifteen students from the University of Sydney (4 men, 11 women M age = 21, SD = 2.03), participated voluntarily. altogether instrumentalists had normal or corrected-to normal vision. With the exception of the cardinal experimenters, participants were nave to the experiment.MaterialsStimuli only stimuli was generated using Microsoft PowerPoint Software. Stimuli consisted of bi-coloured (red and green) annuli, with a width of 2.5 (derived from Li et al., 2014). For each participant, the diameter of the stimuli was familiarized so that the annuli oerlapped with the edge of the blind spot. The two halves of the bi-coloured annuli were juxtaposed symmetrically on the nasal and temporal sides of the blind spot. Each side was counterbalanced a busy trials wherein half(prenominal) the trials were comprised of nasal-red temporal-green stimuli and the other half, nasal-green temporal-red. The saturation was adjusted for one side to cytosine%, 50% or 25% of the original saturation, while the other half was maintained at vitamin C% saturation (that is, 100100, 10050, 10025, 50100, 25100). Controls used reversed stimuli, such that the fixation cross appeared on the right and the stimuli on the go away. Thus, 36 randomised trials were conducted, consisting of six controls and three repeats of ten test stimuli (Appendix A1).Choice Panel This illustrated the spread of the two colours in coloured record books and consisted of ten choices (refer to Appendix A2).ProcedureThe experiment was conducted over two sessions, one week apart. In the first session, the blind spot of each pa rticipant was typifyped using Microsoft PowerPoint. Participants were seated in a dark room with a chin rest at a distance of .57m away from an ASUS S400c 14-inch screen. Participants were instructed to fixate on a white fixation cross presented on a black primer with their right eye and left eye covered. Using a digital pen tool, a small white test dot was moved across the screen by the experimenter. The positions where the dot disappeared and reappeared were verbally report by the participant and digitally pronounced when it was not visible. The process was repeated until the blind-spot had been mapped out adequately.In the second session, participant were asked to report the perceptual filling-in of the blind-spot. The fixation slide (5 sec) and the stimulus slide was presented (3 sec). Participants were then presented with the choice panel and asked to report the choice that best resembled what they observed. At the goal of the study, participants verbally reported their expe riences with filling-in (Appendix B).ResultsPaired sample t-tests were conducted, with participants reporting nasal colour dominance significantly much often than either symmetrical filling-in, t(1,14) = 2.37, p =.03 (nasal red M = 40.1%) and t(1,14) = 3.09, p M = 51.2%), or temporal colour dominance t(1,14) = 5.79, p M = 60.1%) and t(1,14) = 9.13, p M = 75.6%).A 5 x 2, repeated measure analysis of variance was carried out on colour and relative saturation on average choice probability for nasal dominance filling-in, after which quadratic trend origins were conducted. Averaged over relative saturation, choice probability for nasal dominance filling-in was significantly greater when the nasal colour was green than red (mean difference = 21.4%), F(1,14) = 15.30, p F(4, 56) = 3.56, p = .01. quadratic polynomial trend contrasts revealed that this burden increased significantly as the nasal relative saturation increased from 25% to 100%, but decreased as relative saturation decreased from 100 to 25 on the temporal side, F(1,14) = 19.92, p F(1,14) = 0.00, p = .99, nor was there a significant cubic trend, F(1,14) = .37, p = .55.Figure 1. Average choice probability for nasal dominance filling-in as function of type of relative saturation (N = 15).DiscussionParticipants reported asymmetrical nasal dominance filling-in significantly more than symmetrical or temporally dominant filling-in. This replicated preliminary findings by Li et al., (2014), that filling-in from the nasal side set-aside(p) a much larger region than filling-in from the temporal side.A colour effect was revealed with a preference for green over red whilst authoritative for salience, which Hamburger, Prior, Sarris and Spillmann, (2005) account for through higher-level processing of colour information. They postulate that typical background colours in natural scenes, i.e. green and blue, fill-in more tardily than colours that are attributed to the foreground i.e. red and yellow. Hence in afterli fe studies, more colour pairings including blue and yellow should be tested to validate this theory. Yet, this colour effect may also reveal that relative salience was poorly controlled for in this study, as Brown and Thurmond (1993) manipulated saturation, reporting that a more salient colour is favoured when filling-in. This is because the green provided more contrast than the red as Hamburger et al., (2005) suggests that perceptual qualities of surfaces, e.g., saturation, affect other properties such as contrast and luminance. This raises concerns in the current study in the measure of relative salience, as is it unclear whether exchanges in saturation alone prompted a global process that overruled the local processes involved in filling-in. Hence, in future studies these visual characteristics choose to be carefully controlled for to ensure that it does not have a self-contradictory effect on salience.As predicted, asymmetrical choice probability declined as the relative satu ration for the nasal side decreased. This concurs with Li et al., (2014) that the strength of colour filling-in is determined by the retinotopic rule, whereby the direction of filling-in is correlated to greater cortical bulge on the nasal side. Furthermore, Fahle and Schmid (1987) contend that the nasal side has a disdain contrast sensitivity threshold compared to the temporal side which implies that the receptors on the nasal side were more easily able to detect a change in saturation, which increased the relative salience of the temporal side. This offered access to greater filling-in, which decreased the nasal-preference for asymmetrical filling-in of the disk. This can be extended for future look into by also examining the effect of an increase in relative saturation e.g., 150%, 200%, 300% which may have an additive effect by strengthening the retinotopic rule (Brown Thurmond, 1993).However, contrary to the hypothesis that the asymmetrical choice probability would increase as relative saturation for the temporal side decreased, nasal dominant filling-in decreased as saturation decreased on the temporal side. As mentioned, the perceptual qualities of surfaces interact as Komatsu (2006) implies that the brain needs to integrate lower level visual information such as colour and brightness and decode it at the retinotopic map. This signal is then patrimonial to higher cortical areas to eventually generate surface lore. Cortical processing in these early visual systems are heavily biased toward the staining of local contrast in luminance, resulting from edges, which is necessary in surface perception (De Weerd, 2006). In the present study when saturation was decreased on the temporal side, it also changed the luminance of the green colour, making it more salient relative to the red, amplifying the edge between the two colours. Hence, considering this local processing preference for variations in luminance, Sakaguchi (2001) contended that the physical e dge that exists in the annulus can activate the neurons code them, as the two colours differ in luminance. This increased the salience of the temporal side, permitting a greater percentage of the temporal side of the disk to fill-in.Another limitation of the present study is that a majority of participants verbally reported seeing a black spot mainly on the temporal side, implying that the annulus did not fill-in completely. Yet as Li et al., (2014) argues that colour perception processes are rapid and preattentive, this incomplete filling-in cannot be attributed to an curt fixation time. Rather, this can be explained by other methodological issues as Spillmann et al., (2006) attribute this partial filling-in to improper fixation and involuntary eye movements that burn down the annulus relative to the blind-spot. Spillmann et al., (2006) highlight the significance of this partial-filling in effect in validating that filling-in is an active physiological process generated by a sh orten edge at the blind-spot. However as this dark shadow was reported mainly on the temporal side it can be explained by the more sparse distribution of receptors on the retinotopic map resulting in weaker temporal processes. As the width of the annuli remained constant, the nasal side filled in break in due to a denser distribution of receptors (Li et al., 2014). Hence future studies should consider the relative width of the stimulus to suggest a width for the temporal side of the annulus in order to achieve symmetrical filling-in.In summation, this study presents evidence for active neural processes in retinotopically organized lower order areas, but also a role for higher order cognitive factors such as surface description (De Weerd, 2006). In the future, studies should attempt to map the size of the activated brain area to endorse this retinotopic asymmetry during filling-in and the do of relative salience on this symmetry (Li et al., 2014).

ABC, Inc. Case Study Analysis Essay -- Management Business Essays

ABC, Inc. Case Study AnalysisProblemAt the nonplusning of April, Carl Robbins was hired at ABC, INC. as a new recruiter. He successfully hired several employees, even though he was somewhat new at his line of reasoning. This was his first recruitment effort that turned disclose quite well. After this, the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls, tasked Carl to recruit 15 new employees to begin working at ABC in July. So Carl scheduled an penchant to take place for the 15 employees on June fifteenth. Monica contacted Carl around May 15th to ensure that the process to get the orientation started was underway and Carl assured her that the orientation would be ready in time. Carl started working on the task to invest up the orientation around the end of May and soon effected he didnt have a room for the orientation to be held and the necessary paperwork was far from complete. He only had three manuals and all were wanting(p) pages and non one of the new employees was scheduled t o get the required medicine test. He had two weeks until the orientation was to be presented and suddenly realized he may have misinformed Monica on having the orientation ready in time. Carl frame in himself in a misfortunate situation with his lack of experience and wrong(p) use of communication causing him to be behind in his tasking. If Carl does not act fast or start communicating with his management, he may not be able to make the deadline.BackgroundIn Carls situation he did not have much experience for his job and ...

Baseball History :: essays research papers

baseball is North Americas oldest and most storied professional team sport. Certainly, there cast been numerous moments which be still remembered by baseball fans of all ages many years after they happened. We all remember moments like "The Catch" in Game 1 of the 1954 World series and Bill Mazeroskis World Series winning home run in 1960. There be overly the players who transcend the ages like Babe Ruth, Ted Williams and Jackie Robinson. These players continue live on in the hearts and minds of the nation long after their playing days are over.The great players, teams and memorable moments of the 20th century are well remembered, that somewhat less known are those of the 19th century that helped to skeletal frame the post and provide a foundation for the great national pasttime that would go in the current century. For the great Yankee teams of the 20s, 30s 40s and 50s, there are the St. Louis Browns of the American Association and Chicago White Stockings and Bosto n Red Stockings of the National League. The Ty Cobbs and Walter Johnsons of the game had their match in Cap Anson, Dan Brouthers and Amos Rusie. Colourful characters like Casey Stengel and Reggie Jackson had their equals in Arlie Latham and Mike "King" Kelly.It has been said that the more things change, the more they stay the same. This is for sure the case in baseball. The franchise shifts, player gallerys and salary issues of today are certainly not new, although the first half of the 20th century would fleet that impression. Since the National League began in 1876, at least one major(ip) league franchise either locomote to a new city, moved to a new league, or has folded every year until 1893. Player movement of the early major leagues occurred quite frequently. Constant player movment and contract jumpers - players who go forth their old team for a better offer, often in the optic of the season - prompted Boston owner Arthur Soden to devise the reserve clause in 18 79.

Neurosurgeon and Patient :: Neurology Medical Health Essays

Neurosurgeon and PatientBrain injury is an unexpected and complex disability. The intelligence understructure be maltreatd in many ways as a result of an accident, a stroke, alcohol or drug abuse, tumors, poisoning, contagious disease and disease, hemorrhage, near drowning, AIDS, and a number of other things such as Parkinsons disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimers disease. The human brain is one of the most snappy and complex organs in the human body. It is where we store our thoughts, feelings and all of our intentional behavior. The parietal lobe is the lobe of the cerebral cortex that is at the top of the brain, which processes discipline in reference to touch, taste, pressure, pain, and heat and cold. The parietal lobes can be divided into deuce functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrate sensory input, primarily with the optic system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single p recept (cognition). The second function constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. Individuals with price to the parietal lobes often show striking deficits, such as abnormalities in body image and spatial relations (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel, 1991).Damage to the left parietal lobe can result in what is known as Gerstmanns Syndrome. This syndromes solvents involve right field-left confusion, trouble with writing (agraphia) and difficulty with mathematics (acalculia). It can alike yield disorders of language (aphasia) and the inability to perceive objects normally (agnosia). Damage to the right parietal lobe can result in neglecting part of the body or space (contralateral neglect), which can impair many self-care skills such as medical dressing and washing. Right side damage can also cause difficulty in making things (constructional apraxia), denial of deficits (anosagnosia) and drawing ability. (Kimura,D.1977) Bi-lateral damage (large les ions to two sides) can cause Balints Syndrome, a visual attention and motor syndrome. This is characterized by the inability to voluntarily control the gaze (ocular apraxia), inability to integrate components of a visual scene (simultanagnosia), and the inability to accurately reach for an object with visual guidance (optic ataxia). Special deficits (primarily to memory and personality) can occur if there is damage to the area between the parietal and temporal lobes. Left parietal-temporal lesions can effect verbal memory and the ability to recall strings of digits (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1977reland et al.

Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace, by Amy Bruckman :: Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace

Ever since I shake been in college my tele name has been shorting turn up e very time I try to have a conversation with someone on it. It has been so aggravating in particular when I am trying to lecturing and the person on the an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) stemma keeps saying, what, what...What did you say? It drives me crazy Well when I got to college I was advised, and posterior informed, that it was a requirement to know how to use the Internet. So I sign-language(a) up for an email account. In high school I neer employ the computer for anything but assignments, but now I eer take in myself on line. I am either E-mailing friends far away, or lecture to my family on IM (Instant Message). The Net has been most helpful to me when it comes to contacting others, especially since my phone doesnt work. intimately importantly, I feel that the Net has brought my family and I closer together. later on I read decision Ones experience in Cyberspace, by Amy Bruckman , an testify explaining that to do it the Net we need to find our own place, our own community, so I realized that my community on the Net is E-mail, enabling me to talk to the bulk closest to me. The movie Youve Got weapons starring, Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, exemplifies how dickens heap become closer through E-mail. Making it easier for people to bring together in ways they always could, but never new how. twain the movie, Youve Got Mail, and Bruckmans Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace explore how the Net brings extinct a side of us that cannot be seen by the human eye. Youve Got Mail is a love story about a man and cleaning lady who control on the Internet and use e-mail to talk to separately other. Although they havent met introduce to face they know so much about individually other that if they were to meet, it wouldnt matter what the other person looked like. Hankss character owns a very frequent bookstore that in turn makes Ryans tiny family bookstore go out of busin ess. Therefore, Ryan hates Hanks throughout the whole movie. Everyday they seem to run into to each one other not knowing that the person(s) behind their faces are their soul mates. detailed do they know the person they see everyday and the person that they nauseate is the analogous person they talk to every night when using E-mail or their I.Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace, by Amy Bruckman Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace Ever since I have been in college my mobilise has been shorting out every time I try to have a conversation with someone on it. It has been so aggravating Especially when I am trying to talk and the person on the other line keeps saying, what, what...What did you say? It drives me crazy Well when I got to college I was advised, and later informed, that it was a requirement to know how to use the Internet. So I signed up for an E-mail account. In high school I never used the computer for anything but assignments, but now I constantly find myself on line. I am either E-mailing friends far away, or talking to my family on IM (Instant Message). The Net has been most helpful to me when it comes to contacting others, especially since my phone doesnt work. Most importantly, I feel that the Net has brought my family and I closer together. After I read Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace, by Amy Bruckman, an essay explaining that to enjoy the Net we need to find our own place, our own community, so I realized that my community on the Net is E-mail, enabling me to talk to the people closest to me. The movie Youve Got Mail starring, Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, exemplifies how two people become closer through E-mail. Making it easier for people to connect in ways they always could, but never new how. Both the movie, Youve Got Mail, and Bruckmans Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace explore how the Net brings out a side of us that cannot be seen by the human eye. Youve Got Mail is a love story about a man and woman who meet on the Internet and use e-mail to talk t o each other. Although they havent met face to face they know so much about each other that if they were to meet, it wouldnt matter what the other person looked like. Hankss character owns a very popular bookstore that in turn makes Ryans tiny family bookstore go out of business. Therefore, Ryan hates Hanks throughout the whole movie. Everyday they seem to run into each other not knowing that the person(s) behind their faces are their soul mates. Little do they know the person they see everyday and the person that they despise is the same person they talk to every night when using E-mail or their I.

Athol Fugards drama, Master Harold :: Athol Fugard Master Harold Essays

Athol Fugards drama, Master Harold . . . And The Boys, was written during a time of groovy conflict in southwestward Africa, where he was raised.  Fugard was torn among his mother, who was Afrikaaner, (1291) and his father, who was of side decent (1291). These differing influences caused Fugard to use the discussions between Sam and Hally to demonstrate the religious, racial, and political tensions of his sp properlyliness in South Africa.   The discussion between Sam and Hally about who was a man of order of magnitude (1300) represents the religious tensions of Fugards lifetime in South Africa between the growing belief in evolution and Jesus Christs teaching of Creation.  Hally says that Charles Darwin was a man of magnitude, (1300) because he was somebody who benefited all mankind (1301).  He admires Darwin for his supposition of Evolution (1301), which according to Hally, proves where we come from and what it all tauts (1301).  Sam tout ensemble disagree s with Darwins Theory of Evolution (1301) because evolution is in contrast to the Bibles teaching on Creationism, and he says that just because it is in a book it does not mean hes got to believe it (1301).  Sam believes that Jesus Christ (1302) was a man of magnitude (1300).  Hally is obviously against Sams suggestion of Jesus Christ, because Hally makes it clear that he is an atheist (1303).  This difference between Sam and Hally is really just an example of the religious tensions in South Africa during Fugards lifetime between the Theory of Evolution, (1301) which was becoming more accepted, and Christianity, which was taught by Jesus Christ.   A second discussion between Sam and Hally that occurs aft(prenominal) Hally learns that his father has gone home demonstrates the racial tensions of Fugards lifetime in South Africa.  When Sam starts lecturing Hally about how he treats his father, Hally becomes angry and tells Sam that he is treading on dangerous grou nd (1321).  Hally also tells Sam that his mother is right(1322) about warning him about allowing you to get to familiar (1322).  The climax of the billet is when Hally tells Sam that he is only a servant (1322).  This is the first noted statement that Hally makes that demonstrates the racial tensions experienced in South Africa.  The next racial statement Hally makes is when he tells Sam that his father is his boss because hes a discolour man and thats good enough for him (1322).