Impact of Rent Seeking

Imp displace of crap SeekingWhat is necessitate desire and what problems may it motion for conjunction?Rent seek is a ideal which was being labelled by Anne Krueger in 1974 (Tullock, 1998). This term has been astray defined as the political activeness of individuals and groups who devote scarce re acknowledgments to the pursuit of monopoly rights granted by political sympathiess (Mitchell Munger, 1991, p. 525). From the supra definitions, it has been supported by the knowledge that economic shoot is an entirely excess fabricatement that might be equivalent or above to the resources and helped to increase the earning bureau of the resource as gains be often concealed (Parker, 1996). Regarding this, it will be consider as subtle for clubhouse as, broadly, legion(predicate) rub-seeking activities are connected and worked closely with the government or economic structures that make a huge influence on society as a whole. As it can be expected, m whatsoever(prenominal ) theorists and genial, economic and political commentators bemuse been worked together and recognised that there are numerous problems attached to this crabby transcription. As such, there are needs for discussion over the problem and evaluation on their relevancy to society today. In this essay, it will first illustrate the concept of pursue-seeking in addition with some examples in real life. Secondly, it will assess diffe get hold of potential problems that may coiffure for society by identifying issues that promptly related to the negative effect which has enforce on national and international economies in similarly in front evaluating them critically. Lastly, it will be summarising with a view that the problems which have identified and the vastness of rent seeking that have imposed a significant impact on society and welfare and costs incurred in society must be addressed in relation to such behaviours carrying out onwards.According to the concept of rent seeking, it is not a new system or activities exist in nowadays instead it has been real throughout past. This type of activities would be able to exist in everywhere or anytime as abundant as there are individuals or groups which have the position to use their resources as a fauna to monopolize their market or the status, and from this they gain benefits from it just without paying back to society. Rent is a source of income that there are payments made to the owner in order to use the possession for e.g. a house, a building or anything that the borrower call fors to use it but they do not have the ability or want to own the assets permanently (Smith, 2001). To illustrate this concept more precisely, there is a good example from the china economic structure. Tak-wing and Yongping (2009) has researched the economic situation of China over a period of time, and which how the rent seeking exists and leads to social conflict and problems. In China, coals are being seen as highly regulated and controlled goods by the government. But, after reforming, the power to own these goods are being spread to a certain extent which they make use of this act to obtain the support their policy. because, it could be shown that the concept of rent seeking could be exist in any forms over industry or society and transformed from time to time.Having a detailed definition of rent seeking, it will take a deep investigation into this concept by assessing the problems for society that are widely associated with it. To begin, rent seeking could be related to the practice of all pay auctioneers in society which, harmonize to Anderson et al (1997, p. 2), are the pursuit of economic allocations for a specific prize that is founded on the basis of costly activities. Tullock (1998) has outlined the all pay auctions could caused lots of problems especially the monopolies. Although there are possibilities that waste could be avoided in some circumstances, he suggested an example that is when a weak democratic government is unable and have vexed to control the bidding process, thus ensuring that profits disperse (Tullock, 1998), which could cause a detrimental effect to society. The above argument is highly believable and trustful as it draws upon the power of the monopolies while opposing to the power of those who dictatorial the auctions, which is out of proportion in different kind of cases. For this reason, there is no protection being offered for society as a whole. In fact, the above particular example has shown that wastage levels are enhanced where rent seeking occurs. With the evidence offered by Anderson et al (1997), they gave a warning that those individuals or agents who are losing out in the auction are financially worse off eventually as they do not receive any compensation for their trouble. Moreover, Kreuger (1974) stated firmly that the money spent on real resources conk a impression in the rise of annual welfare costs while it is specifically regard ing to price and quality controls, which were 7% of GNP in India. In the same way, when there is intensification of economic controls related to rent seeking drill directly, the numbers of corruption has been increased as a result (Kreuger, 1974). This type of corruption can countervail the economic security of society as a whole and make the welfare costs do worsen, thus it is giving assurance to the notion that the system is not beneficiary to society unless there are controls held in place.Furthermore, the activities of rent seeking may lead to the transitional gains trap exist in society. With consultation to Tullock (1975), through the capitalisation of rental flows into fixed assets which provide a one-off benefit instead of a keep increased rate of return, the transitional gains gap is the appearance of unprofitability in this government aid programs. This is a fairly straightforward concept but is also the one that is highly difficult to solve for society, as the benefi ts that are afforded companies under this condition do not pass downwards to the population, instead securing capital losings should the rent be abolished. What is more, there is an ongoing social waste linked with this phenomenon (Del Rosal, 2011). Tullock (1975) defended that under this situation, progressing reform is unacceptable and therefore the companies benefitting are under no risk of losing out. Certainly, this giving support to Mungers (2006) argued that the existing system forecloses good competition but the process is problematic for society undoubtedly beyond loss of competition.Lastly, the rent seeking activity may cause the problems of the balance of rent seeking between societies as it is importance of this activity. In this particular point, it is perceived as significant in encouraging processes of development (Khan Sundaram, 2000) and it has been recognised that to give support on the emergence of various economies during their development phase. Regardless of the fact that the shifts in supply and shoot curves have been proved as a positive rent seeking (Tollison, 1982), the induced government legal action by artificial mean to acquire rents has really undermined any potential benefits. On the contrary, the existence of rent seeking can also be severely imposing harm to growth, thus this giving the policymakers with a paradox that has been observed in the developing nations in Asia, most of which experienced widespread rent seeking during the 1990s onwards (Khan Sundaram, 2000). From this specific example, it behaves according to the standard of the theoretical principle that economic growth performing badly, thus putting the poorest into a situation that is even deeper into poverty while the organised and beneficial groups utilise the state power to increase their own economic benefits directly (Pasour, 1987). Indeed, Tullock (1967) has noted that there are great welfare costs being attached with the implementation of all procedure s that related to the rent seeking of monopolies and tariffs, and the application program of this principle onto this example shows that social costs not only retard the process of growth but can actually reverse it and lead to the shrinking of the economy through a remarkable losses. Therefore for the effect, the problematic dilemma that exist between the harm and good to developing nations in particular cause an attention of the damaging nature of rent seeking.To conclude, the above problems of rent seeking undoubtedly have imposed an impact on society which attached wastage in every instance and hindered the growth and competition. All pay auctions may leads to corruption and intensify the wastage that was produced throughout the process. Also, the transitional gap and the balancing of the importance and damage of rent seeking for economies brought problematic to society as the former did not benefits to the society and the latter needs to make ones choice over the good and harm . Under all the possible problems that may cause from this activity, action from the government must be balanced continually in long term if issues standardized the waste caused by monopolies and tariffs are to be solved. Even though it is approved that Tullock is right in that as rent seeking deep-rooted into economic culture, thus reform is impossible and there are solutions that the government should solved over such problem in order to prevent further economic damage.

The Importance Of Export Diversification

The Importance Of exportationationationinging Diversification to begin with a rural atomic number 18as scotch development was based either on the degree of forte or variegation of a countrys production and trade structure. Based on Adam Smiths concept towards division of labour and specialization for frugal egression and development to Heckscher-Ohlin Samuelson (HOS) place of worldwide trade, countries should specialize in producing and specializing in the goods in which they pick out a comparative vantage. However, after the Second World War, the idea was that scotchalal maturement and development whitethorn be achieved by export variegation (not specialization). in that respect were active efforts by the government to conjure up industrial enterp uprising and economic ontogeny.Export variegation is often the primary objective of many developed countries. Export diversification is alike equally serious for many underdeveloped countries. Some of the d evelop countries ar dependent on relatively small range of products, generally agricultural commodities. In some different words, primary products constitute a giving percentage of their overall export earnings. Some economists much(prenominal) as Prebisch acquit even conjureed that at that place is a persistent term tendency for primary product tolls to decline vis--vis those for cultivate goods. Countries that argon good dependent or extradite a narrow export basket usually faces export unstableness which arises from inelastic and unstable global film. This plenty consequently have a signifi nookyt adverse concern on the macro providence of least developed economies in terms of investment funds and employment. Thus export diversification is one actor to alleviate these constraints. Export diversification refers to the move from traditional to non traditional exports. ontogeny countries should vary their exports since this lowlife for example, help them to ove rcome export mental unsoundness. Diversifying the export portfolio could intensify and accelerate the economic fixth. Export instability could discourage needful investments in the deliverance by run a riskiness-averse firms, increase macroeconomic misgiving and be damaging to longer term economic branch. Export diversification could thitherfore help to stabilize export earnings in the longer run (Ghosh and Ostry, 1994 Bleaney and Greenaway, 2001). Countries with the slightest level of export diversification atomic come in 18 those which face instability in export earnings. Some examples of countries which have instability in export earnings delinquent to very heavy reliance on exports of one or two commodities atomic number 18 Kiribati, Samoa, Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands.Reasons for export diversificationExport diversification may be an of import issue for developing countries for several reasons. First, a modify big money of export products provides a hedge tow ards price waverings and shocks in specific product grocery store places (Bertinelli et al., 2006 Levchenko and di Giovanni, 2006). Second, the type of products exported mightiness go economic growth and the emf for structural change (Hausmann et al., 2007 Hausmann and Klinger, 2006 Whang, 2006). Third, export diversification in the manner of much sophisticated products may be beneficial for economic development. Given these potential benefits of export diversification, an important policy question is what a country can do to diversify its exports.For shortsighted countries to grow rich, it is important for them to modify the composition of their exports which leave alone enable them to look to a greater extent like that of rich countries. For over 50 years, economic and export diversification has been given high importance on the list of priorities for development policy. The disputation was based on the observation that dependence on primary good production and exporta tion by developing countries expose them to commodity shocks, price fluctuations and declining terms of trade. As a result, a countrys foreign win over reserves and the ability to have funds for imported inputs become subject to instability and uncertainty. The debates about the Prebisch-Singer possibleness (1959) and the need for industrialization gave priority to diversify economies away from primary commodities because of unfavorable and declining terms of trade, slow productivity growth, and relatively low value added. there argon several reasons for developing countries to have export diversification. Firstly, diversifying their bundle of exports allow protect them from the risk of unpredictable declining trend in international prices of primary exportable commodities that, in turn, trace to unstable export earnings. Export diversification could therefore help out to stabilize export earnings in the longer run (Ostry, 1994 Greenaway, 2001). FAO (2004) importanttains that callable to the absence of export diversification in developing countries, decline and fluctuations in export earnings have contradictly influenced income, investment and employment. Diversification provides the opportunities to extend investment risks over a wider portfolio of economic sector which eventually increase income (Acemoglu and Zilibotti 1997). Romer (1990) believes that diversification can be seen as an input factor that has an effect of increasing the productivity of other factors of production. Through exports it is also possible to shape an environment that creates competition and as a result acquire newfangled skills. Overall economic growth and acquisition of human neat may be slow if there is the absence of pressure from out-of-door competitive strong suits (Husted and Melvin, 2007).Diversification helps countries to hedge against adverse terms of trade shocks by stabilizing export revenue enhancements. It enables them to forecast positive terms of trade shocks into growth, fellowship spillovers and increasing returns to scale. Other industries in the country can also gain as export diversification can lead to knowledge spillovers from new techniques of production, management or marketing practices (AminGutierrez de Pineresand Ferrantino, 2000). Furthermore economic growth and structural change depends upon the type of products that is organism traded (Hausmann et al., 2007 Hausmann and Klinger, 2006 Whang, 2006). Thus by export diversification, an economy can progress towards the production and exportation of sophisticated products which may highly contributes towards economic development. Export diversification allows the government of an economy to achieve some of its macroeconomic objectives namely sustainable economic growth, satisfactory balance of payment situation, employment and redistribution of income.Strategies to promote export diversificationAs we see there ar potential benefits of export diversification, but the q uestion remains that what a country can do to diversify its exports. Potential determinants of export diversification, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as country size and level of development, trade bes, international distance, and the costs of domestic first appearance are all potentially associated with boastfullyr diversification. What can encourage export diversification? All successful high growth economies have had strategies to promote export diversification. These strategies implicate1. monetary sector development and orthogonal Direct Investment (FDI)Harding and Javorcik (2007) consider financial sector development and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can be helpful in promoting diversification. FDI can encourage exports of horde countries by boosting domestic capital for exports, serving to transfer technology and new products for exports, making access to new and liberal foreign markets easy and improving technical and management skills.2. Reduce CostsThe main deba te is associated to cost as export diversification is rather sensitive to costs. Kehoe and Ruhl (2003) with episodes of trade liberalization across 18 countries erect variable trade costs to be related with extensive growth margin. Lower cost means that there are fewer obstacles for domestic firm when exporting. The World aver Doing Business survey finished with(predicate) its Trading Across Borders section has included information on the number of procedures required for importing and exporting, as well as the time taken to comply with them. It also included trade costs such as document costs, inland transport costs, customs costs, ports costs, administrative costs and so on. In big terms, for the advancement of export diversification there must be incentive to make improvement on trade facilitation, i.e. set policy measures to reduce costs. Such policy measures include lowering domestic barriers to entry facilitate company registration by reducing number of procedures and ap plying a fixed registration fee, and removing the need for pre-tax payments.3. Lowering barriersLower barriers to firm entry and lower international trade costs, constitutes an important way in which developing countries can help diversify their export baskets. Export margin can be affect by changes in tariff rates and preferences (Debaere and Mostashari, 2005). In policy terms, one efficient way for developing countries to promote export diversification is to center regulatory reform efforts on making entry procedures simpler and slight expensive, as well as on trade facilitation measures.4. Learning-by-doingThe endogenous growth model states that exports can be more diversified through learning-by-doing and learning-by-exporting and by adopting practices of developed countries (Pineres and Ferrantino, 1997)5. Role of GovernmentThe government of an economy should playing period a leading function in the promotion of export. Investment should be directed into various sectors of manufacture. In so doing, the Government can make sure that investment is not being undertaken on more than just one specific sector so that a diverse industrial base can be built. The Government should provide a favorable environment to attracting new investment in the country. there may also be provision for favorable tax treatment to firms, tax holidays for export oriented undertakings, input used in the production of exports can also be exempted from value-added tax. Subsidies play an important role in promoting exports. Government can introduce cash incentive scheme which may benefit firms such as providing them with subsidies which will consequently encourage trade..6. Research and DevelopmentEfforts can be put into the RD activities to kindle the level of industry. This can be done by the help of fiscal and financial incentives which will pull in RD and technological innovation activities. Besides the Government, the banking placement and other financial authorities shou ld offer services to diversify and strengthen a countrys export. The banking system can facilitate diversification by its loan patterns. Schemes to diversify and promote exports need to be complemented by a suitable combination of fiscal, monetary and step in rate policies in order to be successful.7. Variation in the structure of demandImbs and Wacziarg (2003) proposed that a growing demand for a range of goods followed by an increase in a countrys income may lead to diversification. In other word, variation in the structure of demand leads to change in a countrys production pattern.Constraints to export diversificationIn spite of the liberalization in the export sector, there are still the presence of certain issues which bourne export diversification especially in least developed countries. Klinger and Lederman put together on Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) to enquire a causal family from market failures to inadequate diversification. There may be clash with other national polici es in an attempt to promote exports. Export diversification at times may be hindered by a number of factorsLow income elasticities of DemandSome developing countries are failing to export primary products due to the low income elasticities of demand for their primary products. Furthermore, prospects for developing countries to provide manufactured exports are poor because of the competition faced with the industrialized countries.Lack of financeLack of adequate export finance is determine as a major constraint. Small and medium exporters tend to be more severely touched by this constraint. A fundamental problem of export diversification is the lack of adequate investment in the country, both domestic and foreign. Exporters may face the problem of acquiring export finance. High rate of arouse on bank capital is also a constraint since it discourages them to take loan. In other words, exports are being restricted due deficiency in financing of trade by the countrys banking system.La ck of fitting InfrastructureEfficient infrastructure is the pre-condition for good export performance. Inadequate functioning of infrastructure may adversely affect enterprises in many ways. There may be difficulty in the transportation of goods due to limitations in infrastructure. It obstructs production activities, delays movement of goods and passengers, leading to delay in the delivery of goods. It adds to business uncertainty and risk and imposes additional costs.Bureaucracy and market accessGovernment rules and regulations relating to exports are complicated and too much composing work is needed. Considerable time is spent and officers should be appointed for sorting out matters with the government and agencies. commercialize access issues are complex. The major market access problems relate to i) non-tariff and para-tariff barriers, ii) pie-eyed quality and standard requirements, iii) stringent rules of origin, iv) labour and environmental standards. Environmental condit ionalities are a kind of new protectionism which can hamper market access. Tariff and non-tariff barriers also obstruct market access.Lack of strength in the public institutionsThe World Bank noted that the lack of strength in the public institutions hinder private sector activities. There is the alter of sound policy-making and public management, frustration of private entrepreneurship, prevention of competition and rising of corruption due to heavy regulatory and judicial systems and loss-making state-owned enterprise. Private investment can be deterred due because of poorly regulate and undercapitalized commercial banks, problem of telecommunications, infrastructure and law and order problem.Dearth of Skilled ManpowerOther constraints include domestic resource scarcity, shortage of trained labour, and lack of professionalism. There may be lack of skilled manpower in some sectors. Lack of skilled manpower has resulted in under utilization of potential export of services through manpower export as they are catering to only unequal to(p) and semi-skilled needs.Economic growthEconomic growth is a long run concept. It is usually defined as an increase in real gross domestic product (gross domestic product), that is, GDP adjusted for pompousness. In other words, it is as an increase in the real value of goods and services produced in the economy. For comparing one countrys economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account commonwealth differences between countries. Economic growth can be shown by an outward shift of the Production incident Curve (PPC). Economists see dissimilarity between potential and actual growth rates. Potential economic growth represents maximum efficiency with resources. It is determined by the factors of production that a country has as its command. However, actual growth represents resource utilization in practice and shows the result. This is determined by how effectively factors of product ion available to a nation are developed and combined. There are many factors which determine economic growth in a country.Determinants of economic growthNatural ResourcesCountries which are gifted with natural resources are expected to have rapid economic growth, assuming that these resources are employed for the production of goods and services. However a large add up of natural resources is not adequate to guarantee economic growth. There are a number of less-developed countries which have high natural resources, but still due to various reasons, they have not been successful in exploiting them. To benefit from economic growth, these natural resources must be converted to useful forms, which will need batch to be equipped with appropriate skills.Human CapitalHuman capital and reading are considered to be necessary conditions for economic growth. Lucas (1988) focused on the impact of human capital on long-run growth. The rise in productivity needed for economic growth can be ach ieved by increasing domestic human resources through education and training. Skills acquisition and the ability to keep on learning throughout the lifecycle are needed to develop individuals. Developing human resources through education and training is considered to be a long term process which will upgrade the innovative capacity of an economy. Apart from affecting factor of production, education and human capital can also have impact on factors such as somatic capital and natural resources (Bravo-Ortega and De Gregorio 2002. Azariadis and Drazen (1990) proposed that an economy can experience long-run economic growth if the government designs policies toward the promotion of education and human capital. Lucas (1993) pointed out, the appeal of human capital specially, knowledge is a name factor in explaining the growth experiences of countries.Capital AccumulationCapital accumulation refers to buildings, machinery, infrastructure and the amount of tools available to the economy . A necessary prerequisite for economic growth is a large capital stock. Developed countries do spend a significant amount on capital formation. For example, in UK in the year 1998 and 1999, 12% of annual GDP was spent on fixed capital. Capital is a major factor affecting growth. The more an economy has as capital, the more it can produce and the higher will be real income. If there are few machines available, a nation will be able to make fewer goods and services. More machines will mean more income can be generated. Therefore, the larger the capital stock, the larger is the potential income. In short, we can say that investment in capital should increase the productive potential of an economy. Young (1994) plunge that Asian tigers success resulted from rapid accumulation of capital (through high investment). The Solow model predicts that investment rate is a key determinant of whether a country is rich or poor. Fingleton (1999) found capital accumulation as being the determinant of europiuman region productivity growth.TechnologyThe most important determinant for an economy to grow is associated to its pace of technological progress. This is because with technology, we can obtain more output from same amount of input as before. Neoclassical economists regarded technological progress as a critical source of economic growth. Romer (1990), Aghion and Howitt (1992), Grossman and Helpman (1994) and Basu and Weil (1998), among others, concentrated on the role of innovation and technological progress on long-run growth. Economies must invest in knowledge just as they must invest in fixed capital. The productivity of capital can be increase if machinery is updated so that firms use the latest technologies available. Technological advances are encouraged when there is investment in research and development. De Long and Summers (1993) has shown that the only variable that have a significant positive effect on growth of less-developed economies is the investment in e quipment Technological progress, along with accumulation of human and capital, is essential in find out a nations rate of growth. For example, the large growth in the U.S. economy during the introduction of the Internet and the technology that it brought to U.S. industry as a whole. The Solow-Swan Growth Model which entailed a series of equations shows the concept of growth as an increase stock of capital goods. According to this view, the role of technological change became crucial, even more important than the accumulation of capital.(e) OpennessOpenness to international trade accelerates productivity and promotes export as well as economic growth. Romer (1989) stressed on the issue that growth in the volume of trade is positively correlated with the growth of output for a country. Edwards (1993) and Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) also carried an extensive review of the empirical literature on the growth make of openness. Increasing importance is being attributed to the opening up of the world economy. Globalization is seen to be good for the Worlds economy. slender studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between trade liberalization and an increase in per capita income. In other words, the more an economy is open, the higher is rate of growth. Development in Eastern Europe and the World Trade Organization highlight that during the last twenty years, more and more areas of the world economy have been brought into the competitive market-place. Such openness to trade, investment and competition are clearly important determinants to productivity growth. For example until 1858 Japan was inaccessible to world trade. The Japanese Government banished the trade restrictions which allowed trading with the rest of the world. then this had lead to a 65% rise in real national income (Huber, 1971 Husted and Melvin, 2007).FDI InflowThere are various channels through which FDI can positively affect economic growth technological transfer, capital accumulation, access to international markets, managerial and marketing practices and employment (Lall 2000, Te Velde 2001, Borensztein 1998). FDI can increase competition which will eventually make domestic companies more efficient and encourage diversification. FDI benefits economic growth at large as it contributes to the domestic accumulation of resources. Many studies have been carried out which demonstrated a positive physical contact between FDI an economic growth. Campos and Kinoshita (2002) take ind the effects of FDI on growth for 25 Central and Eastern European and fountain Soviet Union economies and found a positive relationship between them. However there are certain studies which are undertaken that do show any influence of FDI on economic growth for example, Carkovic and Levine (2002), Bacha (1974), Saltz (1992) and Alfaro et al. (2002). largenessThere are many evidence which suggest that sustained high rate of puffiness can be detrimental to real economic growth even in the lo ng run. Fisher (1993) found proscribe links between inflation and growth in pooled cross-section, time series turnabouts for a large set of countries. Investors may face uncertainty about future profitability of investment projects. Barro (1995) put off that inflation diminishes the propensity to investment which eventually decreases growth. Inflation may also have a negative impact on the balance of payments as it reduces a countrys international competitiveness by making export dearer. Inflation can affect growth by altering borrowing and lending decisions. However whether inflation is good or bad for economic growth depends on its degree. That is, at lower rates of inflation, the relationship is not significant or even positive but at higher rates, inflation has a significantly negative effect on growth. In their analysis, Bruno and Easterly (1998) showed that some countries did not go through adverse consequences even if they were experiencing sustained inflations of 20% to 30%. On the other hand, once the rate of inflation go beyond certain critical level (which Bruno and Easterly estimated to be about 40 %), this causes negative effect to growth.However besides the factors mention above, there are also other factors that affect growth. Non-economic factors such as political and social factors too play an important role. The geographic location of a country may also affect economic growth. Government also can adopt both demand and supply-side measures in order to stimulate economic growth. Factors such as population growth, rapid growth of manufactured exports, stable macroeconomic and institutional environment creating confidence in policy makers, exchange rate, and labour force can affect growth in an economy.Link between economic growth and export diversificationPolicy-makers have tended to emphasize the potential benefits that export diversification can bring to the host economy. One of the main advantages which has been put forward by economists is that export diversification tends to increase economic growth in the host economy. There has been little empirical research on the relationships between export diversification and economic growth. There are two essential questions that the literature on this matter has tried to answer Does export diversification affect long run economic growth? Can a country improve its economic performance by exporting different types of goods? (Gutirrez-de-Pieres and Ferrantino, 2000). The primary questions are why do countries diversify their exports and does it incessantly benefit countries economic growth? Export instability can adversely affect growth in an economy. Countries which are dependent on a limited amount of commodities may suffer from export niggardness. This is because commodity products are often subject to volatility in market prices leading to swings in foreign exchange revenues. Volatility and instability can thus discourage investment in an economy by risk adverse firms, reduce import capacity, increase macroeconomic uncertainty and thus be detrimental to longer-economic growth.There are several channels through which diversification may influence growth. It is therefore essential to make a difference between horizontal and vertical diversification. Both of them are positively related to economic growth. Horizontal diversification means the alteration of the primary export mix in order to cop the volatility of global commodity prices. Horizontal export diversification benefits an economy in such a way that it diminishes dependence on a narrow range of commodities that are subject to major price and volume fluctuations. Dawe 1996, Bleaney Greenaway (2001) discovered that horizontal export diversification may present considerable development benefits as this may lead to well-directed economic planning and also contribute towards investment. Vertical export diversification on the other hand refers to contrive further uses of existing and new innovativ e commodities using value-added venture such as processing and marketing. The Prebish-Singer thesis is of the view that a tendency towards declining terms of trade of primary products (Athukurola 2000) may make vertical diversification into manufactures more useful. By highlighting the role of increasing returns to scale and active spillover effects (Amin Gutirrez de Pieres and Ferrantino 2000), the endogenous growth theory suggested that it can be assumed that export diversification affects long-run growth.Export may benefit economic growth through generating positive externalities on non-exports (Feder, 1982), increased scale economies, improved allocative efficiency and better ability to produce dynamic comparative advantage (Sharma and Panagiotidis, 2004). Esfahani (1991) cogitate that export enables developing countries to alleviate the import shortage they may face up to. Speaking differently, revenue from exports can fill the foreign exchange gap which is identified as barr ier to growth.A number of empirical studies have shown that export diversification is contributing to higher per capita income growth. The main theory is that, compared to nations with concentrated export structures, those countries with more diverse economic structures have greater possibilities to sustain periods of high economic growth. Love (1986) suggest that a country should avoid heavy dependence on limited products as it diminishes a countrys potential of partially offsetting fluctuations in some export sectors with sectors in which stability prevails. In his study, Al-Marhubi (2000) put forward that market investment becomes riskier because instability in export earnings is a main cause of economic uncertainty in many commodity-exporting nations. In other words, this may adversely affect investments and in turn negatively impact economic growth. Using a cross-country sample of 91 countries for the period of 1961-88, Al Marhubi conclude that there is a positive and strong r elationship between export diversification and economic growth. His regression was undertaken by adding different variables affecting export concentration to the basic growth equation. Regressions on cross-sections of countries (Sachs and Warner 1995, or more recently Gylfason 2004) and panels (de Ferranti et al. 2002) proposed that export concentration is certainly statistically related with slow growth, mostly when export concentration reflects the high proportion of primary products. A broad literature review on export diversification and economic growth was offered by Hesse (2008), where he estimated a simple augmented Solow growth model to examine the connection between export diversification and income per capita growth. There was strong support in Hesses findings that export concentration, mensural by a Herfindahl index, is harmful to economic growth in developing countries. The relationship between a countrys productivity and sectoral export variety was studied by Feenstra and Kee (2004). From an estimation of a translog GDP function system for a sample of 34 countries going from 1984 to 1997, they found that a 10 percent boost in export variety of all industries leads to a 1.3 percent increase a countrys productivity.Moreover another model of export diversification and economic growth was developed by Agosin (2007) where countries which lack technology, expand their comparative advantage by learning from and adapting to existing products. The cross-sectional regression of Agosin (2007) found that export diversification strongly affect economic growth. In addition, models in the product life cycle literature (Vernon, 1966 Krugman, 1979 Grossman and Helpman, 1991) gained variety of export products by advancement made by the North and consequently the South adopting and exporting the products from countries where labour cost are low. In his cross-country panel model, Lederman and Maloney (2007) concluded that one cause of diminution in growth prospects is the concentrations in export earnings. The advantages of export diversification for economic growth have been examined both empirically and theoretically in a new literature by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003), Hausmann, Hwang, and Rodrik (2006), and Hausmann and Klinger (2006). Their studies demonstrated that comparative advantage do not lead to economic growth. Instead, growth is achieved when countries diversify their investments into new or a range of activities. The model of Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) explained that there are various uncertainties related to cost in the production of new goods. They believed that the government should help in industrial growth and structural transformation by encouraging entrepreneurship and providing incentives to motivate entrepreneurs to invest in a new range of activities. Hausmann, Hwang, and Rodrik (2006) developed an indicator (EXPY) that determines the productivity level related with a countrys export basket. This measure is significantly affecting economic growth. Faster growth is achieved by countries that produce high-productivity goods than countries with poorer productivity growth. Economic growth is experienced when a country shift its resources from lower-productivity to higher productivity goods with elastic demand of these goo

Post-War Changes to British Society

Post-War Changes to British SocietyLife is to a greater extent uncertain at one time than it was in the advance(prenominal) mid- fifties. Discuss this claim.IntroductionThe welf ar state, which was a feature of fifties Britain was predicated on an optimistic view of the humanityly concern, and one which anticipated that British social institutions much(prenominal) as the family would remain the corresponding. However, increased technological transmute, post-war immigration policy and a fluctuating world market brought such certainties into question. Britain rapidly became a more liberal and cultur eachy diverse society and this had implications in almost every(prenominal) atomic number 18a of social support. This paper will examine the view that life history is more uncertain now than it was in the early fifties. In doing so it will examine know takege, musical compositionicularly phantasmal knowledge, the concept of the family, and the processes of globalisation. The FamilyIn the 1950s the institution of the family was descryn as one of the best agencys of ordering our rifles. It was the primordial instru fly the coopforcet of socialization where children learned the norms and values of the society in which they lived. The sack of family life and of family forms has been unprecedented in the last cardinal years the go acrossed-down nuclear family of father, mother and children, has been challenged and in nearly cases abandoned in choose of other focusings of living.1Some of these changes assimilate come about as the way out of the feminist challenge to patriarchal office staff and the patriarchal nature of the handed-down family. foregoing to the Second World War men were the family breadwinners and women stayed at family to look after the children and to tend to the husbands needs. From the mid-nineteen fifties onward women started to re-enter the workplace in increasing numbers. This gave women more choices about how the y would live their lives, such choices were not available in the early nineteen fifties but the late twentieth one C and twenty first centuries be characterized by a diversity of family forms. The nuclear family no longer dominates, now we cast off step families, lone p atomic number 18nt families and cohabiting same sex couples, all existing alongside the nuclear family. Statistics on these contrasting family forms shed been use by Conservative Governments to claim that there is a breakdown of the handed-down family and this has led to a much wider moral decay in society.2 there has also been concern over mens power and agency in family life and the implications this may convey for social order (Phillips, 1997).3 Phillips deals that the lower in the family may lead to the death of fatherhood and could have implications for mens health and their sons development. It refers not only to changes in the family but to the fact that these changes could also bring about the dest ruction of the things which form society together. Feminists on the other hand welcome the change in family forms because they have challenged the patriarchal nature of the nuclear family in the same way as they have challenged the patriarchal nature of holiness.Religious KnowledgePrior to the Enlightenment religious knowledge was regarded as authoritative. Religious knowledge is knowledge that is based on revealed truths sooner than empirical data or scientific experimentation. Although sometimes science and devotion atomic number 18 interested in the same questions such as the history of the world and the nature of humnity4 The rise in scientific knowledge called the claims of religion into question and the late twentieth century has seen this questioning in the form of a massive decline in church service attendance.5 In spite of this Armstrong (1999)6 has said that since the 1970s religion has been lavishly on the agenda in the forms of the Christian Right in the States and the tensions between Jews and Muslims in the Middle East. Marx, Durkheim and Weber, the acknowledged fathers of the social sciences, predicted that increased industrialization and rude(a)born technologies would bring massive social change and that this would result in secularization.7 Certainly on the surface this appears to be occurring, Church attendance has declined since the 1950s and education and public assistance, which were once functions performed by the Church, have been taken over by the state. In addition to this, other forms of knowledge, such as science, appear to have more credibility than religious knowledge.8 It big businessman be said that religious knowledge remains to the extent that it provides some kind of answers to questions that science has so far failed to answer, such as where we go when we die. Social scientists have delimitate religion in two ways, the substantive definitions say what religion is bandage functionalist definitions say what religio n does. Emile Durkheim (1912/1965) for example described religion as a sort of social glue which held society together. Durkheim believed that although religion would remain, it would, over time, change its form9 Thus, because religion served a social function, traditional religious services might be replaced by other traditional gatherings such as gracility in America (Bellah, 1970).10 Max Weber (1904/1930) on the other hand said that religion gave meaning to batchs actions eg. the Protestant work ethic Weber11 Weber believed that when people became disenchanted with the supernatural content of religion then religion would die out. Peter Berger (1967) has said of religion thatreligion is the audacious attempt to conceive of the entire universe as universe humanly significant (Berger, 196728).12The search for significance spreads across cultures. In the 1950s Britain was unagitated seen as a largely Christian country and the Church of England was the established Church, the offi cial religion. Mass immigration from 1948 onwards has meant that Britain is now a multi-cultural and multi-faith society. At the same time feminists have challenged the masculine bias contained at bottom traditional religious knowledge and say that womens experiences of religion have been ignored. The secularization thesis holds that religion is dying out but the detail with religious knowledge is not as simple as that, rather the situation is changing, and so traditional beliefs are called into question. This questioning tends to make people more uncertain of the beliefs they hold than might previously have been the case. such changes are not confined to Britain but appear to be taking place on a global scale.GlobalisationSince the 1950s the world has witnessed vast changes in transportation, in technology, communications and agriculture. Increased trade eat between different countries and the spread of capitalism has meant that the borders between estates are not as fixed as they once were and diverse societies are pitiful closer together.13 There are differing views on globalization and these can be broadly defined in the interest ways. Globalists, argue that we are witnessing changes that are being felt across the world and that increasingly nation states are becoming less autonomous. Internationalists on the other hand do not hold this view, they believe that the global movements we are seeing are not a new phenomenon. Although international activity may appear to have intensified in recent years they argue that in some areas this has strengthened state powers.14 The third view is that of the transformationalists who say that globalization has created new circumstances which are transforming state powers. Transformationalists say that although the outcome may be uncertain politics can no longer be the retain of individual nation states. This is because the social and political contexts are changing and this has implications for the way states oper ate.15 The information age as personified by the internet, satellite television and quick phones gist that people can communicate across the globe in almost an instant. Global economic changes can affect many different societies, some benefit from this and some end up worse than they were before. This has led Giddens (1999) to say that we are living in a runaway world that is propelled by forces that are beyond our understanding.16 Held (1995) has argued that nation states are defined by their borders and the forces of globalization are breaching those borders and threatening the autonomy of individual states.Large corporations such as Microsoft control global markets hold considerable power, such power could end up in the hands of a few individuals and would and so become domination (Allen, 2004). Technology has the power to influence the way we see people and places, for example we may no longer have to cut a bank to pay our bills but can do it online. In this way the physical distances between people become unimportant.17 Globalisation means that wherever we live our lives may be determined by forces that are outside our control. Theorists who take this position see globalization as a threat to different social and cultural histories and to collective and individual action.18 Globalists argue that attempts to resist the forces of globalization are doomed to failure, rather we should welcome changes such as new technologies which may help to reduce pollution in the world.Internationalists are skeptical about these changes and argue against the idea that there has been a fundamental shift in social relations. They believe that nation states still have the power to order their own economies and determine their own welfare regimes. They do however point to the inequalities that women and unskilled workers may face collectible to the forces of big business and global capitalism. Transformationalists agree that to some extent nation states have remained auto nomous but they also say that the effects of globalization cannot be dismissed. The effects of globalization are uncertain and uneven, they have produced changes in the way we live and these changes need to be studied. They argue that the forms of globalization are not necessarily irreversible but may call for new structures and forms of governance.ConclusionThe late twentieth and early twenty first centuries have brought with them vast changes to life in Britain. In the early nineteen fifties peoples futures seemed secure and this security was bolstered by Government claims that the world of the welfare state meant that people would be looked after from the cradle to the grave. accounting shows that this was an over optimistic claim and the notion of full employment on which the welfare state was based has not been realized. In the last thirty years advances in many different areas have drastically changed life for a large percentage of the population. Religion is no longer so au thoritative as it once was, and many children are not ontogeny up in traditional families. In addition to these things Britain is now part of the European Union and contact with people of other nations is becoming a normal part of life. The notion of security that existed in the years following the war were based on idealistic visions of the future and this may be why we now view life as more uncertain.Bibliography nurse 3 v2 disc 4 v.2 carry 5 v.2Armstrong, K 1999 Where has deity gone Newsweek 12th July pp 56-7Bellah, R 1970 Beyond intuitive feeling New York, harpist and RowBerger, P. 1967 The Sacred Canopy New York, DoubledayGiddens, A 1999 Runaway World, The BBC Reith Lectures London, BBC receiving set 4, BBC EducationPhillips, M.. 1997 Death of the pa The Observer 2nd November 19971Footnotes1 Book 3 v.22 Book 3 v2 rogue 683 Phillips, M.. 1997 Death of the Dad The Observer 2nd November 19974 Book 5 vs p.535 Book 5 v.26 Armstrong, K 1999 Where has God gone Newsweek 12th July pp 56-77 The removal of the public functions of religion to the mystic sphere8 Book 5 v2 p.529 Ibid p, 5710 Bellah, R 1970 Beyond Belief New York, Harper and Row11ibid12 Berger, P. 1967 The Sacred Canopy New York, Doubleday13 Book 4 v.2 see page 914 Ibid see page 1115 ibid16 Giddens, A 1999 Runaway World, The BBC Reith Lectures London, BBC Radio 4, BBC Education17 Ibid page 1818 Ibid page 21

Global trends of fast food industry

Global trends of spendthrift food pains immediately the food commercialise has started to change and people has stopped eating at planetary house they prefer to get easy and quick food thats the reason wherefore the spendthrift food compass eating place is the profligateest ontogenesis constancy in the solid ground at present. Tal queen mole rat to the highest degree McDonalds which started in the US in 1948 by two br forward-looking(prenominal)s, Dick and Mac McDonald, It then started to publish and at present it is stated in the top 100 transaction of the world (http//www.mcdonalds.co.in/history.htm) and has got close towhere around 34000 units around the world. (Http// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mcdonalds) It came into UK in 1973 in England and was a great success and it came to India in 1996 (Bangalore). At present at that place be some where around ten thousand outlets world immense .It has got 500 eating places in UK and around 300 in India. As predication made by McDonalds they deviation to accept around 2000 units by 2010 in the UK. (http//www.mcdonalds.co.uk/history.htm) The information acquired is from the schoolchild folder of McDonalds and the present workers prep atomic number 18 been interview electronic anyy and finally McDonalds prescribed website. McDonalds came to India with a dine in restaurant in Bangalore that has special vegetarian burger lined by Mac veg. In additional to traditional Indian sandwiches, it incorporates Indian pets much(prenominal) as Chicken tikka. In its list of advanced sandwiches along with burgers, the com marker placard features appetizers interchangeable soups, fresh salads shakes and choice of ice-cream sundaes. (Ref http//www.mcdonalds.co.in/history.htm)Industry Global TrendsThe current spheric trends in international orbicular environment atomic number 18 growth of fast food perseverance. The fast food fabrication is growing at really(prenominal) fast rate. People now prefer eati ng at fast food restaurant rather eating at theatre. Office going students be major grocery servingd in fast food industry. closely food industry also accomplish people who do not want to go out, prefer eating at home confides home deli really services to the people with dodges of gain grounding the delivery place within 30 minutes. More to a greater extent companies be pickings prefer of the opportunities hold overseas by becoming a globally operating companionship and McDonalds is sensation of the top ten companies corporations of the world. Six major segments make up the fast food segment of the fast food service industry sandwich chains same McDonalds Sub focusing be the number maven segment, fol littleed by dinner houses.. Out of all Burger chains McDonalds has the largest market deal out 46% followed by Burger King with 21.7 %Some people say fast food is low nutrition food out-of-pocket to this some chain provoke started nutritious food like salads o ther(prenominal)as for the clients.The Competitive Global surroundings key market driversTaking the factor of competitive environment, in global environment controversy is major factor. Global competitive environment occurs when a firm takes a global view of disceptation and sets about tap simoleonss.(keegancreen,2005).The effect of global competition has been highly beneficial to consumers .Global competition expands the trim of growths and increases the likelihood that consumers give get what they want. (Keegancreen, 2005).Key players for market drivers in market be burger king and subway where each market drivers has it own selling cost.Back ground of steel enjoyment of grungeing in McDonaldsMcDonalds was started in 1948 by two brothers. First United Kingdom restaurant was open up in Woolwich, London. McDonalds came to India in 1996 in Bangalore. In 1973 1000 restaurants were opened in US, Japan, Canada England. . . In 1998 in India they introduced traditional burger called maharaja Mac, which become the propular burger in Indian marketAs far as role of branding is gull-to doe with the name is the rangygest strength, McDonalds has been around for long time and people know the name quiet closely. Taking in con aspectration India McDonald is having 50 % market parcel of land in fast food segment. All McDonald sites work to the CHAMPS standard. That is Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product and Speed. As a brand McDonalds has tie up with some international brand like nestle Pepsi. It also ties up with some pop TV celebrity who is working brand ambassador for them.Competitive Advantage study competitor in fast food industry where McDonalds is facing competition is from subway. The close big competitive advantage McDonalds is having over subway is McDonald is having their own restaurants as nearly as delivery services in India, where as subway save do take extraneous and eatings. The advantage of restaurant that M cDonalds is having so as result McDonald is trade to major segments of market which other fast food chains are not doing. The second advantage McDonald is having is of online booking burgers in India, which has recently introduced, people who make up internet rise to power can order what they want and will be delivered to their place with scheme of 30 minutes. As we all now that McDonald is one of the fastest growing fast food restaurants in the world which came to India with one restaurant in Bangalore in 1996 and at present it has got more than 123 outlets.Global luckicipation and market served globallyTalking about the participation of McDonald, it has got more than 12500 outlets in more than 90 countries globally. They consist of 20% or their own restaurant but the rest 80% are either are given away as franchises or are licensed (www.answers.com/topic/mcdonald-inc). The pricing of McDonald is very nominal as it has a dream of opening 20,000 outlets by twelvemonth 2010 and h aving a McDonalds in either major city of the world. So fetching that into consideration they have their price very nominal and their major cigarette market is the center fieldclass people and students. They have got family packages for families and they are the only multinational in India which give the maximum discounts for parties. In India they have introduced some(prenominal) deals like re away for 2 just for Rs.99 1.29 only which includes 2 course meals. As the competitors are also trying to get these deals but there is a amount which is very less. There are many carry out coupons which are given at the universities to the students. At present there is a stark naked trend that has started in India of burger parties which the students find very convenient as it be less and you dont have to cook anything. Looking at the market of India McDonald has introduced many polar burgers only for India like aloo tikki (for vegetarians) etc. As having the flavours of India in a bu rger, it makes a different market for McDonald because there are still piles of people in India still prefer Indian delicacies. McDonald also give a potentiometer of charityprograms like McDonald (UK) supports the Starlight Childrens Foundation, a registered charity that whole kit and caboodle to b ripe(p)en the lives of seriously ill children by granting their wishes and entertaining them while they are in hospital. Wishes can lop from going to Disneyland, to meeting a favourite soap star or even winning the Grand Prix s foreverally year the demand grows for wishes, Starlight Fun Centres (mobile entertaining trolleys), Starlight Hospital Projects, hospital parties and outings. McDonald employees have been fundraising the length and breadth of the UK for Starlight and are ceaselessly looking for clean and innovative ways to raise further support. www.mcdonasl.co.uk/pdf/student_information.pdfRole, impact and importance of cultural issues and ethical motiveCultural issues and ethics play a very burning(prenominal) role in these parts of the world. Firstly taking India into consideration is that the biggest issue in India is that there is a ban on usage of beef in any form. So every multinational have to make sealed that there crossroad is 100% beef free and then only the government allows then to sell their product in the market. As taking into consideration that at once when India had a big demand for MacDonalds they started to invite beef burger, their market share had had one of the biggest downfall of the year as people stopped going to their restaurants till the time they built put up the trust of the people, by having stating on their restaurants and websites that We are proud of the food we serve and we take very seriously the responsibility we have to our customers to deliver hot, safe, pertly prepared and tasty food every time. We do not fling any beef or pork items in India. Only the freshest scandalmongering and fish products find thei r way into our Indian restaurants. www.mcdonaldsindia.com/ourfood/nonveg/index.htmlBy this McDonald had an upper manus in the market as they made sure that all their products are only of chicken, fish and vegetables only. i of the other issues in India is that out of every 5 Indians 3 are vegetarians, so McDonald also offers wide range of vegetarian burgers. As talking about importance of issues there is also big issue that is halal meats for the Muslim as there is against there righteousness to have any other cut of meat ,so McDonalds in India and some places in united kingdom state in there menu that the meat used is halal or not. Now if we look at the importance of the cultural issues and ethics then we can say if McDonald doesnt follows the criteria they are following right now and introduce beef in India it would hotshot to ceiling and the market value would fall.McDonalds advertizing and promotion in the U.K. and IndiaMcDonald is the part of the one of the largest chain . That is one of the most important reasons behind their advertising and promotion because they have to maintain their standard. Advertising and promotions are the marketing tools. McDonalds is far-famed for introducing the new burgers in the market. While introducing the new burgers in the market they ceaselessly keep in touch of the todays market trend. This will also important to reduce the risk failure. Their method of doing advertising and promotions in both countries are same. They do there advertising by many ways like television, radio and print.Global advertising may be defined as messages whose art, copy, headlines, photographs, tag lines, and other elements have been developed discoursely for their world wide suitability.(Keegan, Green, 2005)Advertising is classified as a hierarchy of effects position suggesting a sequence of events advertising is used to move people from a state of unawareness to purchase. Strong model shows that advertising gain attention.(Chee H, Har ris R, 1993)On their advertising in India they spent around 10 12 crores on the advertising and around twice of the U.K. on the other hand their competitors like subway they are spending around 9 10 crore and burger king is spending around 12 14 crores in Indian market. McDonalds do their advertising and promotions by several ways they distribute McDonald pamphlets and discount coupons in front of the schools and colleges and even on the high streets. They built up their horse barn on the busy roads like high street where they are doing their advertising of the new burgers or deals. In India know McDonalds used to put up their stalls in the marriages where they can attract lots of customer in ones, and they can show there quality of their food. One of the most important things of the McDonalds is its celebrated Ronald, its recognized as the universal symbol.One of the famous burger of the McDonalds named as double cheese burger by its name you got an indication that where is the conduct of the McDonalds because its jus for 99 pence.McDonald strategies in terms of quality product and serviceAs the power said earlier that McDonalds is the one of the most important brand for fast food lovers. For been a part of fast food lovers they have to maintain their quality of the product and service. That is one of the most important reasons that where ever you go around the world you will get the same reek and quality of the food and services. The quality of food of the McDonalds is the same around the world. veritable(a) in India the chips for the burgers is same as U.K. McDonald is world wide famous for its service. They never let their costumer down. Last year McDonalds have its scheme in India if you order your burger for home delivery you will get your burger in cardinal minutes otherwise if they late you will get your burger free. By this way they are showing the importance of the customer services in the market. stipulation of pricing and distribution cha nnels in both the countriesAs author said that earlier in the report that McDonalds main aim to the middle class market all over the world. They have lots of competitors in the market thats why they have to be very careful about their pricing. For a good healthy business pricing is very important. wrong is a major consideration for organisations. It is the one of the major element of the marketing mix that is capable of generating income, helping there by to achieve profit targets.(Chee H, Harris R, 1993)Channels of distribution are the link between producers and consumers or industrial users. Therefore a distribution channel consists of individuals and organisations that make products and services affable to the ultimate consumer.(Chee H, Harris R, 1993)McDonalds also having a very good brand image, which is one of the most important pricing objectives. Whenever they introduce their new burgers, they have their market targets for example cheese burger for the teenagers etc. When they do pricing in India, they always keep in mind that India is the price sensitive market. They always do cheap pricing in India because they aim to middle class people. On the other hand in U.K. it has very reasonable rates as compare to their competitors in the international market. In India you will get quadruplet vegetables burger in just 20 Rsp (around 1pound) and in the U.K. you will get veggie burger in 2.69 pound.Global marketing effortsMcDonalds holds the most markets share in the burgers industry. The McDonalds industry firms are famous for introducing new products at lawfuls shorts terms of time, the admittance of products that keeps with todays trends is also important to reduce the risk of failure. In this competitive world McDonald is a leader which creates new products for market as keeping in mind that customer will like it. McDonald always observes the market trends which regular changes according to customer needs. It always brings new products with differen t deals to survive in this competitive world, with high competition from the other top firms in the industry this will help him to keep one step ahead. The role of marketing within the McDonald is to sure that the needs of customer are met and the business makes profit. McDonald has a broad range of customers as well as their burgers are popular throughout the world. Firstly we have to understands that what exactly customer needs? by and by analysing their feedback try to put in the restaurants. Actually the marketing team plays an important role in organisation. It helps the organization to increase the sales profitability and develop new products with promotions. According to McDonald restaurants international, India is top fifth market for McDonald who growing very faster in todays world .McDonald hopes to increase their outlets in India to 170 by the ends of 2006 from the present figure of 121. McDonald introduced delivery service, something new that no other restaurant was do ing. Home delivery was a success for McDonald and subway. The competition looking for new methods of increasing their customer basis. Many fast food chains mulish to diversify the customer and bring new offer as well as product for those who dont like burgers (e.g. deli sandwiches, cheese breads, cheese bites, salads etc). They all try to come up with some new, bigger, better burgers at a low price. McDonald has always new marketing strategy for upliftment in this industry. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is diversification of the products. McDonalds is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. Another strategy they used in the past and still using .McDonald is always trying to come up with some new idea to make a burger into something slightly different. It shows different enough that the customer will ideate its a new products launched.As you now McDonalds as a global marketing topic in India and u.k, so I will do swot anal ysis on McDonald Company. Firstly we taken the strength of company name recognition is unmistakable is big strength for them because they serving to consumer from a long time. Most of their competitors dont have free home delivery only restaurants which help a lot to increase in the regular sale. They provide very nutritional and well- equilibrise meals to customer. McDonalds does have restaurants to run is also a weakness which is higher(prenominal) viewgraph costs, due to the restaurants that other competitor doesnt have it so result of higher overhead cost must be charge its is not low cost producer. This is another weakness for McDonalds they have lost their lot of customer due to competition with competitors. McDonalds opportunities are a lot, they can increase there revenue through introduced new burgers and increase brand loyalty. .McDonald have threats from competitors well, right now there is one closest competitor is subway. Subway having more competitive price than McD onald. It is generally lower than McDonald. Subway was very paying when they promote their deal of delivery a sandwich within 5minutes and that to the costumer can see and tell the fillings of their meal.CONCLUSIONAt last I will conclude that McDonald has a successful history in the past of introducing different type of new burgers product to increase sales and reach new customer. McDonald is always searching for new market and follows new trends in the markets. To introduce new products at regular interval of time makes the leader of fast food industry in todays world. The level of success that achieved to McDonald due to introduced double cheese burger as well as promotion of product in the market. The more expensive advertising campaign than in past campaign but the potential for a successful product will cover the cost and bring in substantial profit. The advertising of the product is very important but the promotion of this product along side for market. The promotion may be h ad to be bigger and better than the competition or the product may need to be altered to give it that little bit of edge over the competitions.RecommendationI would personally recommend to McDonald Company to open more outlets in India especially express outlets which help a lot to increase the share in the markets. As you now express highways is growing faster in India which help a lot to company get more customers easily as well as customers to get better and good quality of food for (e.g. If I am going for long journey suddenly I notion hungry on the highway I get McDonald I think its great idea for launching new products and giving new deals in India. As some of rural area people would like to have some fast food.)AppendicesTIME PLAN AND MINUTES OF MEETINGOctoberNovember declinationJanuaryResearch workProposalReport writingPresentation and abidanceMeetings2nd 1530 to 1600hrsseventeenth 800 to 900 hrssixth 1100 to 1300hrs15th 1225 to 1430hrstwenty-seventh 1630 to 1745hrs4th 12 00 to 1500hrs17th 1200 to 1400hrs26th 1100 to 1400hrs16th 1200 to 1500hrs17th 1700 to 2200hrs23rd 1200 to 1800hrs24th 1300 to 2000hrs

Leons Theory of Language Development

Leons Theory of Language DevelopmentThe learning process of lyric poem in pincerren is shaped by the hearty phenomena that the child is immersed in, where these friendly phenomena be non-verbal or verbal dyadic or polyadic fundamental interactions between the child and others. Lourdes De Leons (1998) piece of music The Emergent Participant Interactive Patterns in the Socialization of Tzotzil (Mayan) Infants demonstrates how variant sociable activities that a child is immersed in reflect their excogitatement of diction with the Tzotzil (Mayan) infant community, located in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico.Leon successfully evidently shows that children ar immersed into antithetical genial polyadic interactions even before they have learned the language allowing them to develop their own roles that reflect their language skills. The Tzotzil (Mayan) infant communities demonstrate how the children gain noesis of their language by participating in multiparty interactions (Le n 1998, p.134) where these interactions argon verbal or non-verbal. As the child develop knowledge about social identities of other participants, interactive goals of the activity, and how the structure of verbal and non-verbal communion is performed, the children ar adapted occasionally form and assign their own roles in a social phenomenon called the addressee, embedded chater, side participant, over heargonr, and the eaves eye dropper. Leon proposes that children emerge as social participants (Len 1998, p.134) further highlighting that even before learning the Tzotzil language, the Mayan children are immersed in the multiparty interactions demonstrating that the roles assigned to the children in polyadic interactions reflect the childs development of language.A childs development in language does not depend on a minimum human activity of social phenomena that the child is able to participate in but it depends on the dyadic address between the child and the mother. Dyadic int eractions are the childs important source of learning experience for language as the child spends the majority of their time with their mothers eaves dropping conversations. Leons studies of two early Tzotzil (Mayan) infants, named Mal and Mersi, were monitored and were observed to be immersed in dyadic, blotto bodily interaction (Len 1998, p.151) with their enkindles from their birth. At a in truth young age the infants are mainly assigned with the role of the eaves dropper as the parent is the only speaker in the dyadic interaction. rhetorical questions and eye level communication are observed to be utilize by the parent towards the child to achieve conjoint attention and accord (Len 1998, p.151).The infants are able to participate at the age of quatern calendar months old and are assigned to the role of an over hearer or an implied participant in a dyadic interaction where words are put into their mouths by the parent. Similarly, these rhetorical questions are used by the parent to allow the child to participate in a conversation as an embedded speaker (Leon 1998, p.146). In Leons findings, the Mayan families routinely immerse the infants in social activities where the parent tells the infant to address other family members which in turn allows the child to develop an understanding of how communication is performed. By the age of eight months, the infants are able to communicate verbally and non-verbally with the parent and the dyadic interaction of close bodily interaction is transformed into big distance verbal monitoring. The long distance verbal monitoring is evident when Mersi makes a guttural exit towards the care take a leakr to indicate that she needed to urinate demonstrating a transformation from an eaves dropper to a virtual speaker (Leon 1998, p.139) in a dyadic interaction event. This interactive pattern of dyadic interactions relative to time with the parent and the infant is reflected through the results of the two Tzotzil (Mayan) in fants language growth from being unable to speak to being able to communicate verbally and non-verbally with others.Leon demonstrates that infants in society anticipate minimal informal interaction (Leon 1998, p.143) in the stages before transitioning from a tiddler to a child and can develop their language skills through non-verbal communication that are dyadic or polyadic during social phenomena such as recognizing faces and pursuance movement. In the daily lives in the Tzotzil community of extended families, there are many routine activities such as salutes which encourage the infants to participate in the greeting as a third party. During the studies of the two Tzotzil (Mayan) infants, the four month old Mersi was able to participate in a short greeting event between her parent and a passerby where she was sharing the parents standstill by rotating her head as she stared at the passing greeter thus participating in the routine activities which demonstrates how the infant i s identified as a side participant in the event. Rhetorical questions and motherese (Leon 1998, p.144) is used towards the infant by the parent to achieve joint attention (Leon 1998, p.144). From Leons studies, the reply that the Mayan infants give back towards the parent is a childs babbling indicating that the infant has the role of an addressee in a conversation and has gained the slightest knowledge of how to communicate. This successfully demonstrates that children require minimal conversational interaction to develop language skills by participating in non-verbal interactions that are dyadic or polyadic.The studies of Lourdes De Leons (1998) paper The Emergent Participant Interactive Patterns in the Socialization of Tzotzil (Mayan) Infants, Leon demonstrated how the learning process of language is reflected due to different social phenomena that infants are immersed in. These different social phenomena can be non-verbal or verbal dyadic or polyadic interactions enabling the ch ild to take on different roles in an event despite having no knowledge of a specific language. However, dyadic interactions between mother and child which do not require speaking are the main sources of how an infant develop language and culture which is evident through the two monitored Mayan infants, Mal and Mersi.

Senses Truth

Senses fair playSensesYour senses atomic number 18 the inner being of our souls and that is what needs to be used first and foremost. Trust can be down in the mouth and emotions argon deceiving/ Our senses tell us when something is wrong and if we chose to ignore our senses and invest what someone is sex act us we can end up being hurt and if we go on emotions boy, children lounge just about hurt many times when they determine that grownup and devote that a bad person with a sob romance will tell them. NO we need to cuss our sensesTricky distrust FIRST, we sw allow to be tot every last(predicate)y AWARE of our senses what they make us sp justlylinessing like and what they mean. Emotions are quite a bit harder to truly examine. When a person IS totally aware of their senses, then it is all important(predicate) to trust them at all times. Emotions should be acted on only after you rattlingly under bide them, so trusting them automati discovery is non always wis e.The senses never fox us loyalty they bankrupt us data. Truth is non something we sense, it is something we recognize. Truth is a state of being. Accuracy of the data imparted by the senses is pretty safe, in time our interpretation of that data is many times in error. Emotion is the probosciss reaction to thought. We can trust the randomness that emotion imparts only as farther as we collapse been able to be enumerate aware of how it operates in our lives. exclusively emotion is giving us information about ourselves and is best dealt with sufferance for what it is. Knowing the real message of our emotions as opposed to just reacting with them is the monetary standard of how much one can trust his emotions.Most of the time, but not always. Because if youre hopped up on pills, well then your senses authentically wont be all that true.The question is askew. Rephrase, -when should we trust our senses in rooting out a lie-. Our senses work best in trying to prove if so mething violates our produce laidledge of reality, not if what we know is absolutely sure, but rather if a new impartiality violates known loyaltys, and the old ways remain the way. Previous experience with our senses let us know that something is fishy. We whitethorn not know the faithfulness per say, but we know crap on velcro when we smell it.When I feel theres something is wrong, theres a truth to it. When I fell I cant stand any to a greater extent then I should let go.Our greatest enemy is ourself including our senses. What we feel sometimes kills us or telling us what will puzzle ahead. We should know when to trust our senses and when not to.the truth is what we sense,different sense got different truth,but is is all embed on what we SENSE,and SENSING is the nature who know ITSELF,SO ALL IS TRUTH. so far ILLUSION IS THE TRUTH OF SOMETHING REALLY EXIST BEHIND THE SENSING.I potently believe in trusting ur instincts ur inner voice. But u should alike borrow into acc ount the evidence the clues around us.hey guys im going to do my ToK stress on When should we trust our senses to give us truth? (2)Some cerebrations ive got so far is formation truth . how sense perception is how we fix the human being and the way we interpret it might be flawed and so what we cod to be true could be false I cannot really fand so forth up with any examples of WHEN we should trust our senses to give us the truth because i dont really believe senses give us the truth ( except for when my milk is really hot or cold but again that is with admire to me, might be the opposite for anformer(a)) .. i stand for senses just gives us raw information tht we then military operation through our knowledge and come up with what we believe is true but is what we believe to be true really true? yeah am i heading in the right direction with this seek? any help appreciatedhey i am doing the same question yea i retrieve ur in d right direction..start by defining truth (thi s can get philosophical) and then the senses namely sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste. The functioning of all these senses together may give u sum truth (again, what is truth) but isnt truth based on our own perception? the best example for reasoning that i came up with is belief in god. we dont see him, hear him, feel him, etc. but we still believe in him. Now wat causes this? It is the faith and for us it becomes the ultimate truth. then wat if u hav a cold? can u still trust ur sense of smell?just emphasize on small everyday examples..it should b fine. Glad to help. Keep me posted if u hva any other ideasI think youre heading in the right direction For TOK screens I have found that you dont have to come up with an settle, you just have to debate the topic (because when is there ever an answer in philosophy?) Somehow, you should relate it back to knowledge. Research the philosopher A.J. Ayer and his concept of confirm true belief basically, for something to be known it ha s to be believed, justified (by the senses perhaps) and true. The hindrance is proving whether something is true (science, for example, never proves anything just supports it). Then, theres the whole spiral of how to test the true statement of your senses (or any other way of knowing) how do you then test the trueness of the method you use to test whether your senses were accurate, and then how do you test this method etc. There is another theory of knowledge known as justified reliablism where for a knowledge claim to be knowledge it has to be believed, true and justified according to a reliable cognitive process there is a lot of debate over what constitutes a reliable cognitive process and in picky about whether the senses are trustworthy enough to be this process. Its worth a research.The question calculates to be root in a similar question from last year atomic number 18 some ways of knowing more likely to lead to the truth than others? If you could get hold of some o f these tastes you would definitely get some idea of how to tackle this question (Just dont misuse them using same examples, etc.). If you ask nicely, I can email you my response to that very question.TruthI hav a question definin truth n al that is fine but isnt the topic suppose to be around when can v trust the senses..to giv us truthTrue, and that is what the essay should focus on, but at the beginning of your essay you need to countersink your terms. There is no point writing an essay that no-one understands. When I say define truth, I mean briefly take a paragraph or so and the beginning of your essay to define stuff (knowledge, truth, just some of the more abstract concepts that youll be dealings with)TRUTH is CREATED as part of a biological process. It can be understood in terms of DEVELOPMENT, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, and PHYSIOLOGY.As we transfer information we swindle about the world (lets call it reality) into ourselves by means of whatever sensory abilities we can bri ng to bear, we are right to question and test our percxeptions to establish the asperity and reliability of our experiences and the beliefs they engender. Is there a difference between the real world (reality) and what we think we know about it (truth) We are all touch on about what is true and what is not with what is real. Do we always perceive what we think we do? How far can we trust our senses? (read Plato on this point) Scientists that look for the boundaries of what is known of the world are especially wary. They are often confronted with information for which there is little or no precedent to guide their popular opinion about the meaning of their data. For example, having an emotional investment in a particular outcome of an experiment is a notorious source of unconscious bias. The objectiveness of a researcher is highly admired as is their efforts to assure the validity and reliability of their data.Never, our senses are deceiving. There is no constant formula to ou r senses. It what makes it so hard for us to look on things clearly, to gain a sense of reality. We shall never be able to perceive something from other peoples viewpoints, ergo we shall never have a shared opinion. If anything, we can only rely on math and reason. It is the most universal thing we have.Your senses, sight, hearing etc always give you the truth, they are incapable of anything else. The problem is, how do you interpret the evidence. There are books on optical illusions but if you know its an illusion it easy to see the trickery. If you dont know its an illusion you can be fooled, so be cautious.its what you perceive as truth till you shown different..for example..when we ask mommie and daddy where do babies come from and you get the ole stork storyyou find out laterya know?1. When they corroborate with what we logically reason.2. Whenever they do not contradict themselves, or the past.3. Whenever you are sensible, alert, and at rest. As examples, being sot or high does not count as this.4. At all times. You can trust your senses They simply pick up what is around us5. Never. Do not trust your senses They are fooled far too considerablyAny time that truth can be independently corroborate by evidence, sound logic, science, etc.True of false exists only in our language. There is a commonly told joke of a man tearaway(a) on a two laned roadway. A beautiful woman drives past him going the other way in a convertible. As she goes by she leans out and yells, PIG. The man is visibly upset and starts thinking, Why did she call me a pig? I dont even know this woman. Maybe I met her and dont really remember her face? He continues driving as hes having these thoughts. As he rounds a bend in the road, he runs into a huge pig standing in the road. So all that happend was she yelled pig. There was goose egg true of false in what she did. But his interpretation of her actionthat she called him a pigwas not related to the reality of what happened. Even h ad he thought she was trying to deter him, that would only have been one possible interpretation and may not have been any more true than the interpretation the shes calling him a pig.when we are using our senses solely for the material sides of things, and we feel certain that we would have the agreement of most or all rational observers over what we sense.In a rational state of mind, a car seen approaching should be taken as a real event.find that strictly scientific people have problems straying from their scientific rigor in ToK. You moldiness find a way to diverge from this science thing and pen a balanced essay. Ill say what I always do in these ToK threads. Find something one end of the spectrum such as mathematics/Science and then find another AoK to contrast it with such as Art/Ethics etc. I dont believe we should ever trust our senses to give us truth. Why do you think we have created so much advanced machinery that can perceive what we cannot, to give us reliable knowle dge? Did your teacher not show you psychological illusions to show how appalling our perception and senses are? The bottom line is that we should rarely trust our senses to give us truth, but unfortunately they are all we haveOur senses are how we view the outside world. Without them, we would be hopeless. I then gave a some examples of animals trusting senses with their lives senses are used to understand the outside world, the world that is strange from our bodies. However, our senses can be deceived, like a magic trick. Also, there are some spectras of light that our human eye cannot see. So therefore, we cant trust our senses to give us ALL the info. Then I defined truth and linked it with the information that our senses gave. Then I stated that perhaps what we see may not be what we see after all, just what we call it. Hence, I am typing on a computer, or more accurately, I am communicating my ideas to you on a object I call a computer, whether it be it or not. The latter w ould be more true than the former. Quote Rene Descartes and describe the Matrix-effect. Then conclude. Cant remember what I got exactly, but I remember I did really well. Hope it helps.I think one big way of knowing to talk about in this title would be perception and the problems with perception, how perception are unverifiable/biased? and can be deceived. But as you said its important to focus on the WHEN of perception, not the WHETHER.Tok essays are about 4 thingsdefining the wordsarguing against what you thinkarguing for what you thinkconcluding that what you think is writewith a sprinkling of areas of knowledge throughout2bh ur question doesnt seem very TOKey, it doesnt lend itself to any specific area of knowledge.relate truth to truth in science and maths or 2 other areas of knowledge.for example in science we see salt dissappear when it goes into water, but if we dethaw off the water than the salt will still be there. what we observe is something dissaperaing but the truth (scientific truth) is that the salt dissolves due to etc etc scientific explanation.i submitted this essay yesterday.. it had the same question to answer..you just mention in the main body a bit about the argument between believing in senses or not with evidences and the say when we must trust them .. i wrote that we trust them when it seems logical for example when u put a pencil in a cup of water then observe the pencil broken because of refraction,, then in this case u dont believe in it because u can easily use another sense which is touch to check.. thats what i wrote i dont know if its right or not .. but cipher is wrong in TOK.. right..? think so just give alot of examples in ur essay.. hope ive helped..

Marx Materialist Conception of History

Marx Materialist Conception of HistoryWhat is poppycockist about Marxs view of memorial? asylumMarx himself never fully outlined his materialist theory of accounting, though it occurs in frag plowforcetary form in all his early work pen during the years 1843-48, and is taken for granted in his later thought (Berlin, 1979 56) so it was left to later theorists to deduce it from his early work. In order to go out what is materialist about Karl Marxs view of account state workforcet we must first site his theory within the context in which he worked, for in development his materialist theory of autobiography Marx was heavily influenced by the theories of Hegel for not only was Hegel the predominate philosopher in Prussia at the time, moreover Hegel alsoinfluenced Marx in his choice of doctoral dissertation. He chose a study of the materialist philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus, a Hellenistic philosopher who wrote under the stern of Aristotle in precisely the same way as the schoolboyish Hegelians seemed to be under the shadow of Hegel (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 487).Indeed, Marx has often been linked to the group referred to as the Young Hegelians (Williams, 2003 489) and which included Bruno Baure, Max Stirner, Ludwig Feuerbach and David Strauss (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 485-489) even though Hegel was long dead by the time Marx st blinded his studies. Believing, as I do, that it is not possible to understand Marxs materialism without first understanding Hegels idealist view of account, in the first section I provide a, very brief, overview of Hegels philosophical system of tarradiddle. In the second I examine Marxs theory of history, demonstrating how he tip overs Hegels idealist schema so that instead of being control by ideas for Marx history is compulsive by inherent emphasiss within the musical mode of production it is class based (Berlin, 1979 59) and therefore materialist. In the conclusion I summarise my argument, highlighting the commonal ities between the thought of Hegel and Marx whilst concluding that whilst Hegel was indeed an idealist, Marxs view of history was undeniably materialist in that it was ultimately concerned with oil-bearing traffic but, n mavintheless, Marx remained idealistic in his methodology due to the influence of Hegel on his work.Hegel and Historical IdealismGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), pre-eminent philosopher at Jena, Heidelberg and later Berlin Universities (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 409) came to dominate Ger objet dart ism in the Nineteenth Century. He was himself heavily influenced by previous philosophers, including Rousseau (1712-1778), Descartes (1596-1650), Kant (1724-1804), herdsman (1744-1803) and those thinkers of the Scottish prescience (see Hampsher-Monk, 2001 412-421). Hegel developed his comprehensive theory of history by dint of with(predicate) an in-depth examination of religion,1 for he believed that religion, rather than being irrational, was the way in which men in general achieve the consciousness of their being (Hegel in Hampsher-Monk, 2001 416). For Hegel, history is the impact of the unfolding of the eternal, general Spirit (Berlin, 1979 57) toward absolute knowledge or self-esteem that is, down through history man has been increasingly freed from nature or necessity via the dialectic, a constant logical reprehension (Berlin, 1979 58 Taylor in Marx and Engels, 1985 8). Hegel and so argued that it was possible to identify in each historical duration a dominant set of ideas and its negation (Taylor in Marx and Engels, 1985 8), later termed thesis and anti-thesis, the emergent synthesis being progress. His view of history is therefore teleological and stagist he believed it to be rational and progressive, moving toward improvement in distinct steps through the actions of gentleman historical individuals (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 419 480).For Hegel then, history is fetchn forward by ideas it is, ultimately, idealist all swop is d ue to the movement of the dialectic, that works by a constant logical criticism, that is, struggle against, and final self-destruction of, ways of thought and constructions of reason and feeling (Berlin, 1979 58). Further, Hegel, pursual Rousseau and influenced by the Ancient Greeks, believed that admittedly up freedom was to be found through, rather than against the severalise, thus opposing the ban freedoms of liberal thought (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 415, 424 463) he argued that law and rights ar products of mans mastery over nature, rather than a protraction of the rights of nature as in Locke (Hinchman, 1984 25), and that therefore equality is created in society via the act of correlative recognition (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 440) and which he illustrates with the mythical encounter between the master and the slave.2 Therefore, for Hegel, the state is not oppressive, but liberating as it presents the means by which man is commensurate to realise his own freedom. It was both thi s idealism and this freedom via the state that Marx, following(a) Feuerbach, sought to invert.Marx and Historical MaterialismSo, for Hegel, history or social change was the allow for of tensions between different ideas, between thesis and anti-thesis. Karl Marx (1818-1883) however, via his critique of Hegel, was to overturn this theory, turning the idealist schema into a materialist one for Marx, rather than history being the issuance of ideological tension it was the result of tensions between the classes (Berlin, 1979 59) in shortsighted, he sought to invert Hegelian idealism the weapon of criticism cannot replace the criticism of weapons, and material forces must be overthrown by material force (Marx, 1975 251) in that he believed it was not ideas that drives history but the relations of production (Marx, 1975 384). In short, Marx believed that it is practical activity by real gentlemans gentleman that counts, and not the conceptual activity of Hegel, and it is economic hist ory that is most burning(prenominal) of all (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 500 513) in short his history was materialist.Following Hegel, Marx believed that the history of humanity is a single, non-repetitive process, which obeys discernable laws (Berlin, 1979 57), but he disagreed with Hegels idealism, following the critique of Hegel by Feuerbach in believing that such idealism was in fact a mystification (Berlin, 1979 57) he instead argued that the point of doctrine was to change the cosmos (Marx, 1975 244-245) Philosophers have only interpreted that world, in motley ways the point, however, is to change it (Marx in Hampsher-Monk, 2001 512) via praxis, or practical doctrine (Bottomore, 1979 6). Further, inappropriate Hegel, Marx did not believe that Religion was the way in which men generally achieve the consciousness of their being (Hegel in Hampsher-Monk, 2001 416), but instead was do by man it is an inverted consciousness of the world at one and the same time the expression of real suffering and a quetch against real suffering it is the opium of the great deal (Marx, 1975 244, original emphasis). He also distanced himself from Hegels dislike of the experiential sciences (Berlin, 1979 67) instead his practical philosophy seeks, like the empirical sciences, to be emancipatory.He argued that, when examining each historical epoch, it was possible to isolate the paint tension that is, like Hegel who argued that thesis and anti-thesis pushed history forward, for Marx it was a key socio-economic tension which led to revolution and so pushed forward history the ancient world gave way to the medieval, slavery to feudalism, and feudalism to the industrial bourgeoisie (Berlin, 1979 64). In short all history has been a history of class struggles, of struggles between reign and dominating classes at various stages of social development Marx and Engels, 1985 57). Thus, rather than the actions of the world historical individuals of Hegel (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 480) for Marx it was the actions of an entire class in the future this was to be the proletariat that drives progress one particular class undertakes from its particular situation the universal emancipation of society (Marx, 1975 254). Each revolution in the past, itself the result of the classes material circumstances, or the mode of production, had contributed to historical progress. Thus, rather than the idealist history of Hegel, for Marx history is materialist it is the result of actual conflict in the real world, conflict which is the result of material forces (Taylor in Marx and Engles, 1985 9 18). Hegels idealism becomes, under Marx, a method (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 489) which reveals that while the state may make men officially free, this freedom is in fact only abstract (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 492-493) as people are actually embedded in the relations of production and are therefore unequal.ConclusionI have simplified Marxs philosophy here, and thus missed the importance of thinkers s uch as Rousseau, Voltaire, Saint-Simon, Bauer and the Scottish Enlightenment on the development of this thought (Bottomore, 1979 4-11 Hampsher-Monk, 2001). Also, some authors, including Althusser, have argued that Marx should be divided up into early and later Marx (Williams, 2003 491) with the early stage representing his humanist phase, whilst the later his fester work, being where he developed his materialist, social scientific view of history (Williams, 2003 491). In this essay, however, I have concentrated on his early work in order to demonstrate the materialist nature of his understanding of history I have done this for two reasons firstly, I feel that to divide Marxs philosophy into early and late stages misses the continuity of his thought secondly, by concentrating on his critique of Hegel, a critique to which he does not return to in his later work, I have been able to demonstrate both his continuation of, and opposition to, the idealism of Hegels philosophy of history for while Marx undeniably sought to overturn Hegelian philosophy, the framework of the new theory is undeviatingly Hegelian (Berlin, 1979 57). Indeed, recent scholarship appears to stress the continuity between Marxs and Hegels thought Marx and Hegel can be usefully read as manduction a common emancipatory theory of human social history, tempering both putative epistemological break between them (Williams, 2003 495-495). Both believed that poverty was the result of commercial society, rather that the result of misfortune or individual failings and that such poverty entails alienation (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 456-457) both are positive when describing organizations in which men pursue common goals, for Hegel via the corporation (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 459) for Marx via the establishment of communism (Marx and Engles, 1985). However, whereas for Hegel history was driven forward by ideas and the actions of world historical individuals (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 480), for Marx it was to be the act ions of an entire class, the proletariat, that would drive progress and bring about communism and whilst both theorists share a concern with alienation, for Marx this alienation is the result of material forces the process by which man creates things out of nature, comes to be dominated by those creations, but will eventually overcome that alienation through recovering control of his own (material) creations (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 499). For Marx, therefore, history is ultimately materialist.BibliographyBerlin, Isaiah (1979 1973) Historical Materialism, Karl Marx, Bottomore, Tom (Ed.), Oxford Basil Blackwell, pp. 56-68.Bottomore, Tom (1979 1973) Introduction, Karl Marx, Bottomore, Tom (Ed.), Oxford Basil Blackwell, pp. 4-42.Hampsher-Monk, Iain (2001 1992) G.W.F. Hegel and Karl Marx, A History of Modern Political vox populi Major Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford Blackwell, pp. 409-482 483-561.Hinchman, Lewis P (1984) The Origins of Human Rights A Hegelian Perspective, The horse o pera Political Quarterly, Vol.37, No. 1, pp. 7-31.Marx, Karl and Engles, Friedrich (1985 1888) The Communist Manifesto, Introduced by Taylor, A.J.P. (Ed.), Moore, Samuel (Trans.), London Penguin Classics.Marx, Karl (1975) A division to the Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right Introduction (1843-4) and Economic and philosophical Manuscripts, Early Writings, Colletti, Lucio (Ed.), Livingstone, Rodney and Benton, Gregory (Trans.), London Penguin, pp. 243-257 279-400.Williams, Michael (2003) Review Article Marx and Hegel New Scholarship, Continuing Questions, recognition and Society, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 489-496.1Footnotes1 Art, religion and philosophy all represented, for Hegel, the development of the consciousness, with art being intuition in material form, religion truth in a veil, while philosophy was self-reflection (Hampsher-Monk, 2001 476).2 In this encounter, which is a flavour and death struggle for mutual recognition, the loser becomes the slave as he submits to the others will rather than face death, while the winner becomes the master he has obtained the recognition of the slave but only by becoming aquiline on the slaves labour. The slave becomes a labourer, but recognises his own worth through his own labour he experiences self-hood through his impact on the corporal world. The masters selfhood is confirmed by the slaves submission, but it is a negative identity in order to attain true self-hood the master must recognise the other as equal. Society is thus the result of mutual recognition (see Hampsher-Monk, 2001 426-427 Hinchman, 1984).