Reading Response to Ali and Nino Essay Example for Free

Reading Response to Ali and Nino EssayThe most evident and reoccurring theme that I noticed in Kurban Saids, Ali and Nino was the splendour of religion and cultural backgrounds. In many different places in the story it is evident that Ali and Nino have been taught some completely different things about the world in general. The first major example that I found is when Ali speaks with his father and Ninos father about marrying Nino. Although they are both somewhat supportive of the marriage, they both publicise completely opposite messages. Alis father tells him that the love for Nino is not necessary and that if he wants Ali can still marry up to three more wives. untoward to Alis fathers belief, Ninos father feels very differently. He feels that he must show unconditional love and treat her with the dignity and respect that she deserves. He as well as feels that he should focus all her energy and love on her rather than having any other wives. If Ninos father doubts Alis for his daughter, maybe that is part of the campaign why he tried to postpone the wedding.The second example I found is when Nino tells Ali he absolutely can not have a seraglio because it is considered a disgraceful tradition of Alis background to Nino and her family. Ali agrees that he will not have a Harem and then the question of whether or not Nino will have to wear a veil. After a bit of deliberation between Ali and Nino, they were still unable to reach a conclusion to whether or not Nino would have to wear a veil. Nino does not understand why a women must wear a veil whereas Ali feels that it is very important that the women does so that Nino will be protected from strangers looks.Although Ali and Nino are very much in love there are very many cultural differences and misunderstandings that make this put down religion/faith marriage a bit more complicated. This idea of religious differences and cultural misunderstandings really hits home for me. As a Jewish adult, it has eve r been very important to me to marry someone of the same faith and belief system. As I have grown up I do study that the most important thing is being happy and that being accepting of all peoples set and morals is very much important.Out of personal experience, I have two sexual congresss that both decided to marry out of the Jewish faith. Neither of these marriages have worked out very well in regards to my family. The first relative of mine ended up getting divorced and is now going by a custody battle for his children. The other relative is still hook up with to his wife but does not talk to anyone on our side of the family due to many reasons but mostly because she was not willing to support his Jewish indistinguishability and background. It is ignorant in my opinion to think that inter faith marriages can never work out, because a lot of them do.But in my experiences with my family they have not. heedless if people can make them work, it is definitely harder than marryin g someone with the same faith as you. With religion comes a system of ideals, morals and beliefs and if someone has those same values as you do, there will be less cultural misunderstandings and cleavages than if you married someone with different values than you. So the whole idea of cultural differences through religion complicating thing relates both very closely to my life in terms of my family and Kurban Saids Ali and Nino.

Adolf Hitler Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitler EssayAdolf Hitler was a notorious dictator over Germany during World fight II. Hitler was a unique but complex individualist that was heavenly influenced by his upbringing. Hitler became the dictator over Germany during the years of 1933 to 1945. During his dictatorship, Hitler participated in the World War II and was the cause of the final solution. The Great Depression provided Hitler with an opportunity to rule. OnceHitler effected the opportunity to overtake Germany, he began to run for fuhrer. Hitler was elected fuherer over Germany in 1933 and began the rise of the national socialist party. When the year of 1935 came around, Hitler had complete power. He started by beginning the Nazi army and separating the Jews from everyone else. The Jews were sent to very brutal concentration camps where they were held hostage and faced with death. At this time the genocide was in full attack. The mass murder of theHolocaust lasted for approximately four brutal years and ended when the American troops invaded Germany and over powered Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria, a small townspeople across the Inn river from Germany. (Hoffmanl). Hitler moved to Germany in 1893 and remained there until his death. As Hitler grew up he began to have many feuds within his household. Hitler mainly argued with his father, Alois Hitler. His father did not book with his interest in art and German nationalism.His interest fueled his evil ways. During Hitlers earlier years as a child his younger brother, Edmund Hitler died. When Edmund died, the family had a locomote out and resulted in many problems throughout the family. When Hitler grew up, he moved out of the house and had major money problems. When World War II broke out, Hitler conjugated the army and was present in multiple battles. Adolf Hitler pointed out the Jews out of everyone in Germany. Hitler was very active in the German army and participated in World War l. World Wa r I

A Political Economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay

A Political economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay0.0 IntroductionNowadays outside(a) p bentage is a vital aim for every firm despite small firm or large firm and they are moving toward to international line of merchandise for the sake of foreseeable future of their business. Besides, international business is known to be business dealings crossing national b vows at any stage of the accomplishment which included trading such as import and export activities that turn tail out by the small and large firm from domestic to international mart across the universe of discourse (King, 2008 Aneff, 2010). Moreover, at present, international business squeeze out be acknowledged as global business whereby the firms have to adapt their businesses to the outside orb in different merchandises that the firms seek and approach to and deal with many a(prenominal) different assimilations that concern in every country (Nakate, 2010 King, 2008). With the changing libe ralization st rategy in the whole world, a lot of firms are gaining benefits from international trade and investments. On top of that, an agreement of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was introduced to place control over the rate charges of the tariff and trade barriers (Geneva, 1986). In contrast, after the formation of GATT, in year 1995 followed by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Besides, there are 2 important forces that drive a business to international business which are the technological development and the disappearance of a substantial part of the communist world (Lausanne, n.d.).Shangri-la Asia Limited is a company with the principle activity of investment holding which focusing on the business and function of hotels as one with associated authentic estate properties with providing hotel management or related run (Bloomberg, 2009 promised land Asia Limited, 2009). The company briny(prenominal)ly focuses in operating hotels and leasi ng spaces for commercial and residential. Shangri-la was incorporated in Bermuda and its main headquarters is located in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. Furthermore, Shangri-la Asia Limited was founded in year 1971 and until now, Shangri-la has been in operating in the industry for 39 age and operates its hotels in the company of enlightenment, Rasa, Trader, Summer Palace, and Shang Palace. Moreover, the free radical managed 65 hotels at the end of 2009 with 47 hotels invested as the equity which managed by its subsidiaries. Besides, as of year 2009, Shangri-La hotel employs most 260,000 employees in the Asia countries (Shangri-La Hotels and touch ons, 2010).1.0 Macro Environment1.1 Political EnvironmentIn mainland chinaware, the government attaches great importance to the tertiary industry in their country and there was demonstrable government policies advance tourism in club to build tertiary industry to be one of their pillar industries (Lew, Yu, Ap, Zhang, 2003). Besides, the hote l and tourism industry in chinaware had rapidity raise after the admission of World Trade Organization (WTO) to the domestic foodstuff in China. As according to the announcement from China subject field Tourism Administration (CNTA), with the entry of WTO in China, it brings the impertinent international hotel industry to invest and set up hotel in China and the government of China sanctioned the application of setting up wholly foreign-owned travel agencies in China thus, demand for hotel industry boosted up (Xinhua, 2004). Moreover, base on the Chinese governments constitution of coarse term goal, the inbound tourist arrivals to China go forth achieve 210 million by the year of 2020 in which this would benefit the hotel and tourism industry in China to gain more profit on the tourist visit. For instance, base on the information published by the Shanghai Tourism Commission (STC) in China, the entry of foreign travel companies would service to stimulate and rise of the busi ness of the local tourism industry in the exemplar of SARS that happened seriously in China in 2003 (China Daily, 2004). On the early(a) hand, the political appear would be on political tension between Taiwan and Mainland China and these affrights would be considered as the unexpected event that the hotel developer and investor will take into account (Guo, et.al., 2004).1.2 Economical EnvironmentIn 1992, China expanded its stinting reform along with the open door policy, accordingly bring benefits to the business activities and international tourist arrivals to China continued to increase and thus hotel investment is stimulated. In contrary, China government withal ensured that overseas hotel do not dominate the market in which the action taken is to prevent the rise of competitiveness between local companies and foreign companies in the benefit of their professionalism, visualize and resource advantages. Thus, to avoid sparing leakage, Chinese government had implemented th e policy of encouraging Chinese Hotels to establish in the country itself and as wholesome as in foreign countries for Chinese to use with the association between Chinese Airlines and Hotels industry in order to retain the money from outflow to other(a) countries (Zhang, Pine and Lam, 2005). Moreover, Chinas sound economic growth stimulates the Hotel and tourism industry. As mentioned above about the openness to outside world had facilitateed economy grow rapidly. The GDP of China in 2009 was RMB 33, 535.3 one million million where RMB 14, 291.8 billion contributed by the tertiary industries with the growth rate of 8.9 equalises with the previous year (Chinability, 2009). An impressive economy growth will generate enhancement in infrastructure for hotel development, however, the sustainability of the economic boom are concern in the bother of bad-loan that commonly faced by state-owned banks. To overcome this conundrum, government needs to counter a soft get for the rapid g rowing economy otherwise an unexpected of potential economic slowdown would occur and certainly bring some negative effects to the hotel industries in the country (Yu and Gu, 2005).1.3 Social EnvironmentSocial environment concern is an important issue for the business developer and investor in China as Chinese used to approach pattern the relationship and network of Guan Xi in their day-after-day life which including during the business dealing process. In fact, Guan xi can be an influential practice compare with the Western-based business practice which westerners or foreign investors are not eligible to gain interest on this practice as such practice would be commonly focus on the motive of profit. Thus, foreign companies need to corporate with the local Chinese companies as partner in order to enjoy the license with the support of Chinese partner to avoid some existing and future legal control and international trade rules. For instance, the foreign owner of the properties mus t bet on the local labor and partner in turn to get the reliable power supply and water supply (Zhang, Pine and Lam, 2005). On the other hand, hotel industries benefit from vacation and vacation when residents take holidays and this would lead to broad(prenominal)er demand on the tourism and hotel industry in which the people shifting their lifestyle and get off from work with take effect on the domestic consumption. For example, in China, the government had intentionally increased the public holidays where made 3 weeks long holiday per year such as each during the Spring Festival, May Day Festival and the National Day holiday (Lew, Yu, Ap and Zhang, 2003).1.4 Technology environmentalGenerally, a soundly quality service to client is the most important factor that makes the hotel to be more outstanding than others and to get more attraction from customer therefore this would deflect the guests to make decision on the selection of which hotel is the most worthy and preferable to consume with the most satisfaction among those entire hotels that available in the area. Besides, with the acknowledgement of gaining burst profit margins and financial returns, the hotel industries in China emphasis on the implementation of IT facilities in order to break with efficiency daily operation and meanwhile to declare benefits such as operational cost reduction and enhancement of service quality deliver to customer (Law, Giri and Michigan, 2005). In fact, in Hong Kong, China, the use of IT to conduct daily operation is generally practicing by the hotel industries in country since year 1997 (Law and Au, 1998). Besides, in China, the adoption of Computer Reservation System (CRS) and hotel Property Management System (PMS) which use by hotel that stratified 3 stars and above was introduced to bring the companies into the market and to improve the interconnectivity by promoting about depot, information about their company and additionally assist on the efficiency and acc uracy of internal information transmission and effectiveness of management. Meanwhile, the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) within the hotel industries in China which focused on the front office functions such as reception, reservation, catering, merchandising, customer relationship management and others had brought benefit to the operation of the industry (Ma, Buhalis and Song, 2003).2.0 The International Consideration2.1 OperationShangri-La Hotel and Resort operated almost in all over the place in the world where headquarter is in Hong Kong. Shangri-La Hotel and Resort is a well known cross out which the brand name is so recognizable and respected by the people around the world. Besides, the conventions main activities are emphasis on the ownership, operation and management of the hotels. At present, the group holds and operates 68 hotels under the trademark of Shangri-La, Trader brands, Rasa, Summer Palace, and Shang Palace in different countries with a room in ventory of over 30, 000 in which operation carry out among Asia in current year which included of China, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Republic of Maldives, Philippines and Myanmar. Furthermore, the company had expanded their company to Middle East countries such as Sultanate of Oman and United Arab Emirates atomic number 63 country in France North America country in Canada Oceana countries in Austria and Fuji Island. In addition, in year ended 2009 the company had equity interests in 49 operating hotels containing 24,432 of guest rooms (Golden Circle, 2010) Moreover, the company will develop and build up 29 more hotels in various countries in which throw off development of 1 hotel in Paris in 2010, 11 hotels will be establish in China, India, Singapore, Macau, Qatar, Austria in 2011, 9 hotels in China, India, Mongolia, United Kingdom, dud and Canada in 2012 and nevertheless 7 hotels in China and Russia in 2013 and 1 hotel in Philippine in 2014 (S hangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2010)2.2 The blighter in Malaysia2.2.1 Social and Culture EnvironmentalCommonly, Malaysia is known as an Moslem country therefore certainly Malaysia is involving in the Halal food industry and Malaysia is the study exporter of proper crop to Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) countries such as AEAN and Middle Eastern markets in 2008. Malaysia has made an integrated long term plan to develop the halal industry which including the goods and work related sectors namely, meat and meat-based crossing, processed food, cosmetic and personal care products and pharmaceutical products (Sadek, 2010). Thus, the halal certification would be the main requirement for the tertiary industries in Malaysia that infallible conforming to it especially on the food and beverage which play an important role in overall satisfaction level such as halal dining is a necessity for Muslims. In fact, according to Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), the s tatistic shows that out of 991 hotels in Malaysia, there are only 10.19% of the hotels which amount to ci hotels that certified with Halal logo (Zailani, Fernando and Mohamed, 2010).Besides, to set up businesses in Malaysia require some general needs of its local market segment included unearthly and cultural practices such as to being halal conscious through implementation of crescent rating which this system is require under the traditional Muslim rules to the examine the halal friendliness of facilities and services in hotel industries in Muslim country (Fazal, 2009) For instance, Awana Spa Island Resort in Langkawi crescent rated at category 5 which indicate that the hotel accommodate some specific Muslim needs and Shangri-Las Rasa Sayang Resort Spa in Penang rated at category 3 (Crescent Rating, 2010). Moreover, regarding the culture in Malaysia, the main facilities of prayer room or Surau is important for Muslims as they necessitate praying 5 times daily due to the ease o f travel from current location to mosque. Besides, the culture in the aspect of employee operative hour, there are slightly different if compare with oversea working time as for Muslims every Friday afternoon is the hebdomadary prayer time thus Muslim employee need to leave their work place at this time (Usama, 2007). Moreover, festival holiday is a main issue that need to concern in Malaysia as Malaysia has very much festival to celebrate such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year and others therefore public holiday would interrupt the operation performance of the company where by employee off from work on the particular day. (Zailani, Omoar and Kopong, 2010)2.2.2 Political and Legal Environment in MalaysiaAccording to the A.M. shell country risk report, Malaysia has a moderate level of political risk which categorized as CRT-3 which indicate that Malaysia is a developing country that having a developing legal environment, legal system and business environment (A.M. Best, 2 010). Generally, political risk comprises the stability of the government and society in a country and here the political environment would be first concentrate on the change of government and key leader in Malaysia. Up to date in 2010 political baffle in Malaysia involves two separate downside risks which happened 2 years back in 2008 the political power was changed due to the general election and the result was the National comportment which had ruled Malaysia for 52 years had lose control and defeated by opposition (Marshall, 2009 Stamer, 2010). Then again, according to the executive summary by Political Economic Risk Consultancy, the political issue that foreign investors concern is about the hesitation on how good the opposition parties perform after they gained the political authority as a Malaysia government in handling some problem such as poor policies and others. Additionally, as a result of some political accusation, the case of Anwar on sodomy gave a flashpoint on the political stability condition. Due to the changes in the government authority, the political stability in Malaysia is affected much over these years and would bring further damage to investment in the country if the trend maintains (Marshall, 2009 Political Economic Risk Consultancy, 2010).2.3 Internationalization MethodThe internationalisation process is a very important process for a company that plan to expand their business outside their domestic base market by adopting several internationalization methods. In Shangri-La, the internationalization method that the group adopting is more on equity based method on foreign mold investment. The assembly is using its equity assets in the expansion of their company throughout the world and for another purpose of project development in smart-fangled countries. Moreover, investment into a company is the competitive advantage of this company. Additionally, the Group is adopting 2 main internalization methods on its subsidiaries whic h through merger, acquisition and alliances. According to the financial report of Shangri-La in Malaysia, the subsidiaries are consolidated by using the purchase method of accounting in which the Group has the ability to exercise the power in the subsidiaries in order to manage the financial and operating policies of an entity as to attain benefits from their daily activities (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2010). Alternatively, some subsidiaries are consolidating by adopting merger method for example, UBN holding Sdn Bhd which happened on 1st of January 2006. As for the associate methodology, the Group has major influence but not control over the financial and operating policies. The hotel properties located in Malaysia at 31 celestial latitude 2009 included Rasa Sayang Resort Spa, Traders Hotel, Golden Sands Resort, Palm Beach Resort in Penang, Shangri-La Hotel in Kuala Lumpur and Rasa Ria Resort in Sabah. (Shangri-La Malaysia, 2008)2.4 Problem and SolutionThe problem that the co mpany confronts would be on the aspect of the culture differences between the origin country and the other country for example Malaysia. Cultural differences of international hotel groups would influence the operation of the company and as well the efficiency of their human resource in the company. Besides, condition of cultural differences dilemma would also harm the company from gaining better return in either investment nor operating profit which due to the competition among the hotel industries in the specific country. Thus, to overcome these cultural dilemmas, some resolve on these problems needed to be implementing in order to resolve the problem to prevent any operation failure. The solution proposed would be through adoption of cross cultural strategies.According to superior and Prideaux, culture can be distinguished into 2 views that represent an ideological perspective including beliefs, norm, value and customs. Next, would represent the material element which including of the dining etiquette, where to buy and where to travel. (Prideaux, Moscardo and Laws, 2006) As mentioned above, the main cultural problems that face in Malaysia is about the Halal certification and also the employee culture problem. Therefore, from the cross cultural management approaches, it must emphasis on the staff inspiration and motivation method and improvement on product and service quality in order to satisfy customers demands. Firstly, company should implement the dodging of cross cultural empathy through tuition and education that enables the staffs in the group from origin country to let them to be more considerate to accept other people cultures in Malaysia as well as the staffs in the company itself. This would help to solve any conflict rises concerning to the culture misunderstanding among three major races employees of Malaysian and between the headquarter staffs rather than behave stubbornly on their own local culture perspective.Besides, in order to solve th e cultural diversity problem in the case of halal certification, the company needs to employ the strategy of cross cultural through special design and marketing of hotel products and services. There are a lot of customers come from different religions and backgrounds, thus customers have different needs on the services and products. By using this strategy, the company is able to improve the degree of customers satisfaction whereby the products and services is specially designed for the purpose of tailor-made to adapt to different need of the customers. For instance, Muslims in Malaysia require some halal facilities and also on the foodstuff, as a result the hotel must pay close attention on serving the proper food at the table and also the facilities of prayer room in their hotel to allow Muslim to conduct prayer during the time that they are in the hotel area.3.0 The Growth of BusinessShangri-la has a well operational performance which its operations contribute the main source of revenue and operating profit for the Group. Besides, the concentration of the growth in the luxury hotel market in Asia would particularly focus on China. Thus, the group is continued to plan out the strategies of setting up new hotel across the world. According to the financial report in 2009, a total of 7 hotels opened for business during the year and 4 hotel being subsidiaries of the group. During these years, Shangri la is adopting the market development strategies which the group is targeting new markets or new areas in different countries. For example, in 2011, the group will conduct foreign direct investment of 29 hotels in other countries such Qatar, Austria and others. Besides, the implementation of product development strategy in the group develops their services and quality to gain higher level satisfaction from customers through training of employees to deliver better services to customer. For instance, the networking of the Shangri-la throughout the international subsid iaries had improved through communication and result in the integration with its international counterparts by applying uniform standards for inbound and outbound logistics and this take back rise to higher level of efficiency in the operation, sales and marketing. Consequently, Shangri-La had gained positive reviews and reputation from regulatory bodies and this benefit the company to connect into all revenue-generating marketing channels (Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009 Chitika 2009).As for the future direction of growth, according to Ansoffs Product-Market Matrix, the product development strategy should highlight in the company. The reason is that it is important to have possession of distinctive advantage over its competitor by reason of keen competition existed among the local and other international hotel industries in the market. Besides, hotel industry is leisure and tourism destination places, customers are the main earnings sources from the hotel operations, it seem to be not enough to have similar existing facilities promoted in the hotel to attract customers. Thus, an innovation technique is required to improve the product and services in the hotel in order to maintain an advantage over competitors meanwhile to attract more customers. By examining through proactive development strategy to develop the product base on the anticipation of the evolution of customers needs or through the adaption of reactive development strategy whereby the product is develop in order to deal with the customer needs. Besides, as a result of adapting product development matrix, the company is able to develop and launch new product or services where the products or services are presently not being offered by any other competitors however it able to elapse the existing market and nevertheless attract more new customers. For instance, product development strategy including offering high-level service to the customers through providing some long suit facilities such as prom otion on the discount offer to their customer base on an alliance with the air companies and provide free shuttle for the customer to take them from airport to the hotel. Thus, Shangri-La hotel must provide services that other competitors do not offer and the most importantly, making the customer feel at home and even better than that.4.0 New VentureThe new venture of Shangri-la hotel would using the foreign direct investment method which the company will expand and build up hotel under equity base method in the chosen country, Kingdom of Heaven, Bhutan. While Shangri-La investing in Bhutan, the group will suggested to conduct enounce venture with the local partner such as the tourism agencies to increase the inflow of the tourist to the hotel and other share value-added joint venture, for instance, merge with the local hotel industry where the hotel contribute the homogeneous function and this will reduce the competition among the similar industry and nevertheless increase econom ies of scale. As Shangri-La is moving into the new market and segment, it is necessary to understand what strength determines the profit of their industry. Thus, Porters Five Forces analysis would be taken to identify all the threat in hotel industries in Bhutan. Firstly, the threat of supplier power in the market will take into concern. The supplier power in hotel industry would be the availability of aptitude of the employees that provide services to customers due to tertiary industry is totally focused in services. Thus, Shangri-La need to provide a high level of training program to ensure the employees are able to carry out best service to their customers. This is because employees can influence the profitability and the attractiveness of the hotel itself. Besides, supplier power can be the organization that control and provide the food and beverage to the hotel industry in the country. In this case, there are plenty of suppliers in Bhutan which mainly working on supplying of t he food for local distribution whereby they import all the food stuff items, such as the company of Dollay Food Product, Sharyang Enterprise, Sonam Choki Enterprise and many others suppliers (Cheaponsale, 2010). So supplier power force is considered weak to the company.Secondly, would be the buyer power. This force reflects the strength of bargaining power from the customers which concerning the level of quality served and price rate of the hotel. Commonly, from the behavior of the customers, customers seek for best quality with lesser price of hotel, solution for this problem would be the hotel management should make some adjustment to its strategies in order to meet the demand of the customers to avoid switching among the hotels in the market, if the switching problem happen then the buyer power is high which will bring separate to the company.Thirdly, competitive rivalry is also a serious force that the company has to concern on it. This force would focus on the number of the co mpetitors in the same industry in Bhutan. In Bhutan, there are hotels that available in the specific geographic areas. For instance, According to The Hotel Association of Bhutan (HAB), Bhutan is divided in 20 administrative districts and there are 121 hotels in the country and exactly with 34 hotels with 3 stars and above are available in the certain districts in Bumthang, Trongsa, Punakha, Thimphu, Wangdue Phodrang and Paro the rest are ranked as 2 stars and below (Tourism Council of Bhutan, 2010 Cabinet Secretariat, 2010). Thus, competitive rivalry in hotel industry is quite high due to the number of competitors offering in the market and the company should adapt specific strategy to overcome the problem such as create differentiation on the product and services in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors. Due to the problem faced by the competitive rivalry, the threat of substitution which examine on the similar product and services is high in the hotel industry bec ause there are a 121 hotels accessible in the Bhutan and enable the customers to have alternative choices on what hotel that they prefer to select. Thus, better marketing strategy is needed for the company to deal with the substitution problem such as changes in technology and services in the hotel could bring some advantage similar good reputation for the hotel to compete with its rivals.Lastly, threat of new entry is high in the hotel industry in Bhutan as Hotel Association of Bhutan (HAB) reported that there 46 new hotels will open up in the country. However, the Bhutan government had approved 100 percent of foreign direct investment to build 5-star hotels and 70percent of foreign direct investment for 4-stars hotels in Bhutan in early 2010 (Dawa, 2010 Dahal, 2009). In this case, Shangri-La has the total advantage of investing and setting up hotel in Bhutan as Shangri-La is ranked as 5-star hotel. Besides, the structural expansion of the hotel in Bhutan would be difficult becaus e most hotels was in debt due to the financial institution had stopped giving loan for hotel construction. This is because of governments policy on the existing hotels that they are required to upgrade their hotels within 2 years time in order to provide better service to customers with the help of government by providing incentives of tax breaks for up to 10 years to make the upgrading possible (Cabinet Secretariat, 2010 Dawa, 2010). Hence, with good reputation and its 5-Stars ranked hotel, Shangri-La has gained the advantage to compete with the hotels in Bhutan. Thus, Shangri-La needs to come out with some new plan to sustain its market position.5.0 ConclusionIn summary, various analyses needed to be considered and examined in the progress of business expansion to the international market. Going international not only mean to explore the new market abroad but it also enable the company to have better understanding on the expansion strategies that needed to adopt in turn to deal wi th the dilemma that occurred in the international market. Besides, international business can promote faster growth in the country economy due to the entry of foreign direct investment in the country which stimulate the domestic competition in the market and in effect would encourage improvement in the service and product of the company, besides it would help the employment rate of the country as well. Moreover, in order to go for international business, the particular companies need to ensure that the correct strategies are adopted. With the assist of PEST in the expansion of macro environment in a market, the company, and here would be Shangri-La can easily gain the information of the specific market and taking the next step to invest into the market. Besides, by examining the international consideration, it gives clearer picture on what the company doing in the existing market and how the company give solution against the problem that they faced and yet understand how they enter an international market such as foreign direct investment which adopted by Shangri-La hotel into various countries. Other than that, by using the Ansoffs product-market matrix, it enables the company to make good use of the strategies in order to have a better strategic preparedness in the expansion of the businesses such as to study on the direction of growth of Shangri-La Company. Lastly, with the analysis of Porters Five Forces, it helps the company to understand the strength and the threat of the market when the foreign company planning to invest into the country. By having all these strategies, the company can have the advantage to globalize and to compete against the competitors that existed in the market in order to offer better products and services nevertheless gain more profit and attract more customers. In conclusion, all these strategies would benefit and achiever the companies in doing international business.

Introduction to natural gas

Introduction to inborn ball upNatural float is one of the most important ascendent of null for reducing pollution and maintaining a snowy and healthy environment we whoremaster call it as a forthcoming energy re lineage. In addition to being a domestically immense and secure writer of energy, the use of infixed bollix also offers a number of environmental benefits all e genuinelyplace other obtains of energy, particularly other fogey supplys. This subdivision will discuss the environmental effects of indispensable liquid , interms of emission as well as the environmental impact of the inwrought gas assiduity itself.Natural gas is used over 60 million homes. In addition natural gas is used in 78 percent of restaurants, 73 percent of lodging facilities, 51 percent of hospitals, 598 percent of offices, and 58 percent of retail buildings. Natural gas is vital to homo manu accompanimenturers, not only to military unit their operations, but also as an essential fe edstock for many of the products we use daily- clothing, carpets, sports equipment, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, computers, and auto parts. It is also a primary feedstock for chemicals, plastics and fertilizers. Natural gas fuels our economy. It is a leach burning domestic energy lineage that powers our economy. It cools and warms our homes and businesses , is used to generate electric automobileity, and helps maintain our quality of life.Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is plunge associated with fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is created by methogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel germ and a potent greenhouse gas.Before natural gas usher out be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by products of that processing complicate ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydro blows, elemental sulphur and sometimes helium and nitrogen.Overview of natural gasNatural gas is a fossil fuel source of energy, which represents more than one fifth of total energy consumption in the world. It has been the fastest growing energy souce fuel since the seventies.Due to economical and ecological advantages that it presents as well as its skillfulty quqlities, natural gas is an increasingly attractive source oof energy in many countries. At present, natural gas is the atomic number 42 energy source after oil. According to energy information administration, natural gas accounted for 31% of world energy production in 2006. It has excellent perspectives for future want. Natural gas is considered the energy source of this century , as petroleum was last century and coal two centuries ago.Natural gas presents a competitive advantage over other energy sources. It is seen as economically more efficient because only about 10% of the natural gas produced is wasted before it gets to final consumpt ion. In addition , technological advances are constantly improving efficiencies in extraction ,transportation and storage techniques as well as in equipment that uses natural gas.Natural gas is considered as an environmentally friendly clean fuel , offering important environmental benefits when compared to other fossil fuels. The superior environmental qualities over coal or oil are that emissions of sulphur dioxide are negligible or that the level of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions is lower. This helps to reduce problems of acid rain, ozone bottom depletion orgreenhouse gases.Although resources of natural are finite and natural gas is a non-renewable source of energy, these resorces are plentiful all over the world. Natural gas reserves are constantly increasing as new exploration and extraction techniques allow for wider and deeper drilling.The growing importance of natural gas as a major energy source is shown by the amount of investment devoted to the natural gas in dustry. The sector shows a great dynamism at the beginning of the new milleniuum. Increasing demand and prices in tje recent in the recent past have led to new expansion and exploration projects in the natural gas industry. New origin construction projects are developed and planned all over the world. Furthermore, most organizations are progressively including natural gas in their energy policy agenda, by following liberalization policies(particularly after the energy shortages of 1970s), in order to open the markets to competition. More and more, energy final users are also showing a pick for using natural gas a clean, safe, reliable and economical source of energy. Natural gas is used for heating, cooling and several other industry uses, small-arm it is increasingly becoming the favoured fuel for power generation.Natural gas is future of energy and fuel requirements as it is one of the most clean fuel the evidences for this is illustrated by following this dataChemistry of nat ural gasNatural gas, worry all fossil fuels, is the remain of prehistoric living matter that existed million of days ago. In the marine environment, dead organisms came to rest on the ocean floor, where they were covered by layer after layer of mud or silt which over time became layers of rock. Buried beneath the sea bed, the hydroicarbons stored inside the once living matter were preserved , but their composition was altered by the heat and thrust from the rocks above. Millions of years later, deposits of these hydrocarbons can be found either in liquid form as petroleum, or as natural gas.Natural gas forms in porous layers of rock, with bubbles of gas trapped inside the rock. Gas fields occur when a layer of impervious rock, such as limestone, has formed above the layer of porous rock, preventing the gas from escaping. Deposits of natural gas are often found alongside petroleum deposits. Natural gas is colourless and odourless. It consists mostlyof methane, but mixed in with th e methane are likely to be other hydrocarbon compounds and a few impurities.Natural gas is colourless odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than broadcast. It is gaseous at any temperature over -161 c. When it is at its natural state, it is not possible to see or smell natural gas. For safety reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like gooey eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural gas so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak.Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane , propane, butanes and pentanes. former(a) compound found in natural gas includes co2, helium hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. The composition of natural gas is never constant, however, the primary component of natural gas is methane(typically, atleast 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms(ch4) . methane is highly inflammable , burns soft and almost completely, while it emits very little air pollution. Natura l gas is neither corrosive nor toxic, its ignition temperature is high, and its has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fossil fuel compared to other fuel sources. In addition , because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air(1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak.The carbon and hydrogen occurs from the remains of plants and animals (composition in natural gas)Which were inside the lakes and seas millions of years defend. The organic material then mixed up with huge layers of sediments and then turned back to natural gas and crude oil as heat from the earths inside and pressure from the layers changed it.Natural gas is found all over the globe in resorviors deep inside the earth and in oceans. It is trapped in porous rock formations. Natural gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas.Natural gas when cooled ton a temperature of approx -260 f, it converts to a liquid naming liquefied nat ural gas(LNG). LNG has weight one half as that of water, or you can say 45% less weight then water to be exact. It is non corrosive, non toxic, odourless and colourless. For convenience in transportation and storing natural gas is liquefied to form LNG.Natural gas is practically free from sulphur and therefore does not produces so2 so considered as clean and environment friendly source of energy it also emits lower values os nitrogen oxides when compared with coal or oil.Power generationNatural gas is now used astray in the generation of electricity by using gas turbines and steam turbines. By combining gas turbines with steam turbines we can increase efficiency of electric generation and this mode is called have cycle mode. Natural gas produces less greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide for an equivalent amount of heat when compared to petroleum(30% less)and coal(45 % less) therefore combined cycle generation of electricity using natural gas is the cleanest source of power availab le using fossil fuels. Natural gas is used in power generation wherever we can obtain it at a reasonable price further fuel cells(discussed in detail below) can be used for power generation using natural gas but it is not economically a good deal.Fuel cells using natural gasFuel cells using natural gas for power generation are under development. Fuel cells are devices that uses hydrogen to produce electricity their working is just about same as of batteries. It is one of the cleanest way of generating electricity as their is no emissions what so ever and as we know that natural gases are a voluminous source of hydrogen so it can be used in fuel cells. Fuel cells are still under development process as the process of using natural gas in fuel cells is very expensive but if they are used widespread all over the world then we can assure a very clean environment and can reduce emissions associated with the generation of electricity.Electricity generation and industrial application uses fossil fuels for generating electricity and heat . we can use natural gas for such type of operations as it can help to reduce the emissions associated with the generation of electricity.In transportationNatural gas can be used as a fuel for vehicles, trains and air transport also it can be a very clean fuel as in the case of CNG (compressed natural gas) used in four and three wheeler vehicles . by 2008 9.6 million vehicles uses natural gas as their source of fuel supply.Its efficiency is slightly less then diesel engine but comparable to gasoline engines but if we get ahead it compulsory for all public transport vehicles to use natural gas as their energy source supply we can led to a very clean world as the major source of air pollution is from the transport sector.In aerospaceDevelopment processes are running to develop aircrafts that uses natural gas the source of their fuel supply Russian company Tupololev is trying to develop an aircraft that uses LNG and HYDROGEN as the sou rce of its power supply it will also terms lower then normal aircraft and also with reduction in nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emission reduction.The advantage of using natural gas as a fuel for aircrafts is that its specific energyis more than normal aircraft fuel(kerosene mixes) and one advantage is that it can can be used as a cooler for cooling air replacing a intercooler in engine.Natural gas can also be use for manufacture of plastics, paints, glass steel, fabrics and other useful products.Advantages and Disadvantages of natural gasThe main advantage of using natural gas over other fossil fuel as a source of energy is that it is a clean fuel and contributes very less effect on air and environment around us as there is no emissions, no residue, no flowerpot and no smell. Its growth of use as domestic fuel, for power generation , in industries is increasing rapidly day by day. From a survey it has been found that use of natural gas as a source for power generation nearly accounts for around 20% of our total energy source(world energy prognosis 2000).But as every coin has two phases using natural gas is also not free from this comment, it is considered that natural gas is clean source of energy but this is not a true fact, it does affect the environment to some extent. Natural gas also produces carbon dioxide while burning like all other fossil fuels although it is very less as compared to coal and petroleum and also natural gas that is used as a energy source is always not free from impurities and this lead to emissions of unwanted particulates. Therefore it may be noted that it is not a complete clean fuel as it is not carbon neutral and also produces small emissions so from an environmental point of view it is not an complete ideal source of energy.another(prenominal) disadvantage is that which is common to all fossil fuels is that their extraction leads to a process called mining and drilling which may lead to an ecological inbalance and also ca uses pollution which can be visualised.FutureNatural gas has many advantages over other energy sources but we cant depend on natural gas as a future source of energy the facts that ensures this facts areafter a period of regular extraction one day all supplies will be exhausted or will be depleted to that extent that cost of extracting will overweigh the value of the value of the fuel we obtain this is a common fact to all fossil fuels.natural gas is considered to be a clean fuel but above we have discussed that it is not an complete ideal source of energy, so research work is going on to discover that future source of energy. Solar and hydel energy can also be the future source of energy.Natural gas will have a very bright future as compared to other fossil fuels as globally all government are encouraging use of natural gas in power stations in preference to other fossil fuel.

Marxs Theory of Alienation

Marxs Theory of AlienationIn my essay I will attempt to demonst point that while aberration in some(prenominal) respects gossipms of exclusively limited use as a concept for sagacity coeval executioning lives, it has been critical in shaping our current understanding and practices of ready. I intend to look at the black market of Karl Marx among other sociologists to show how the introduction of capitalism into industrial production in particular developed feelings of mono musical compositionia in deals functional lives. I convey chosen to specifically focus on Marx as I find his approximations and ideas on outlanderation to be of tell apart importance in our current understanding of crusade. I will principally be looking at his Alienation Theory, which was his belief that our labour in companionship developed different forms of disaffection, and how, if at all, this determines our inherent human being. I plan to assess whether theories on alienation at cut back a re still pertinent in modern society, and how they have contributed to our current understanding of contemporary working lives.Work, in its physical features and its linguistic description is socially constructed there is no invariable or objective thing called workwhat counts as work arsenot be severed from the context within which it exists, and that context necessarily changes through space and time (Grint, 1998, 11).Karl Marx believed labour was at the heart of humanity, and that the conditions under which we work can vary. He felt that alienation was a systemic effect of capitalism which exploited doers and created a intelligence experience of closing off in tribes working lives. He believed that under a capitalist regime proles unavoidably lose any control they have over their lives by having the control over their labour taken away from them. tally to Marxs Alienation Theory, there are four forms of alienation in labour, the first being alienation from the product o f work. Marx states that when a worker is producing something for someone other than themselves, especially when they do not even know who they are producing the item for, the product often becomes alien to them. In this situation the worker will not have any stirred connection with the end product they have created. In this way Marx gives the worker a direct connection to the product, which in turn, alters it from being simply an abstract object. Furthermore, Marx suggests that the product, which he believes ought to create a positive connection, instead holds a negative disconnection. According to Marx, when a person works for others and not for themselves they can be visualizen to be working in an alienating situation simply to receive their basic requirements to subscribe to by.Marxs second form of alienation is alienation from the activity of work. This alienation occurs as a result of the worker being change from the product they create, as this doer they must also be ali enated from the process they undertook to make it. Marxs aversion to capitalism is linked to this theory which proposes that as world are working entirely for survival, the work is required of them by others and so not natural. In which case the worker will not be working for themselves but instead for others and so will inevitably become estranged from the process of work.The third form of alienation is alienation from species being, meaning quite a little become detached from their personal creative thinking and in a sense the heart of humanity. Marx maintains that the activity of work requires workers spiritual energy and therefore when a worker is alienated from the practice of work it is unimaginable for them to give themselves fully to their work and so becoming alienated from their basic human roots. If the process of labour which is in our innate essence becomes alien to us, past we whitethorn become alien to ourselves in some way. Marx attempts to convey that work is s omething that ought to be a natural instinct to humans, not something carried out purely for survival. He refers to humans as active producers which contradicts the idea of people being alienated from their working lives. When a worker is forced to produce something for others and not for themselves they will see labour purely as a means of survival which will become a burden they are forced to monotonously repeat and hence may end up becoming alienated from themselves.The fourth and final form of alienation in Marxs Alienation Theory is alienation from others. When a worker is forced to produce a product for someone else they too will become alien to the worker, and so in this way people become alienated from other humans, which can lead to a breakdown in society. This can give rise to a type of hostility as the worker may feel they are required to do work for others with more cultural capital and so a class division can arise. Marx says of this form of alienation,If man is related to the product of his labor, to his objectified labor, as to an alien, hostile, powerful object independent of him, he is so related that another alien, hostile, powerful man independent of him is the lord of this object. If he is unfree in the relation to his own activity, he is related to it as bonded activity, activity under the domination, coercion, and yoke of another man (Marx, 1844, 57).So, how useful is this theory of alienation as a concept for understanding contemporary working lives? Marx likens humans to animals only doing what we must to survive. In an ideal world we would participate in work for the love of it as we believe it is meaningful and valuable. Marx claims that under capitalist industrial production systems in society people become alienated at work as a result of their loss of control. Capitalism creates a system where by the worker gives more power to the capitalist by producing better products. So it can be seen that the more the worker produces the more they must rely on that product. Marx says,Labour, to be sure, produces marvellous things for the rich, but for the labourer it produces privation. It produces palaces for the wealthy, but hovels for the worker. It produces beauty, but cripples the worker. It replaces work by machines, but it throws part of the workforce back to a barbarous kind of work, while turning others into machines. It produces sophistication, but for the workforce it produces feeble-mindedness and idiocy. (Marx, 1844, 30)The relevance of Marxs theory right away seems limited. It is easy to see that at the time of Marxs writing a large contributing factor to alienation at work in the 19th nose candy was the revolutionary form of labour named Fordism, which refers to the production methods used by Henry Ford in creating the Ford cars. C20th Marxist Antonio Gramsci often used the example of Fordism in his work on mass production and consumer culture. Ford was heavily influenced by Frederick Taylor who develope d scientific management, and aimed to improve labour productivity. The system was created to improve productivity and change mass production it was successful in cutting the cost of production but also heavily deskilled labour. It saw a high turnover rate of staff and prompted numerous strikes due to workers resistance to speed control and oppressive forms of work. It took any control away from the workers by making them work to the pace of the convocation line on top of this workers rarely got to see what they were making as each worker would be in charge of such a sharp part of the total creation of the product. Workers often complained the labour was solely slightly profit motive and their power was completely subsumed by the managers who deskilled the workers to gain control and clear their power and decision making.Scientific management so called is an attempt to apply the methods of science to the promptly increasingly complex problems of the control of labour in rapidly growing capitalist enterprises. It lacks the characteristics of a true science because it assumptions reflect nothing more than the outlook of the capitalist with regard to the conditions of production (Braverman 1974, 86).But work at present is far broader than mass production in a milling machinery setting. In her article Alienation and New Work Practises Reconstructing a Classical Concept Amanda Damarin argues, lively concepts of alienation are inadequate for capturing the relationships among workers, tools, and labour processes that exist in new work organizations. Marx assumes that production is industrial (standardized and fixed), that employers own the means of production, that ownership is coextensive with control, and that only relationships between workers and employers are significant in shaping the experience of work. (Damrin, 2005, 2).One need only think about the growth in the service sphere of influence or indeed the health care industry to realize that Marxs The ory of Alienation is deficient in fostering our understanding of contemporary working lives. For example, he focuses principally on the labour form of manufacturing, whereas if we were to look at retail Marxs description of the 4 forms of alienation seems less pertinent. In retail there is no product being created in the shop and so less chance of shop assistants to feel alienated from it. Likewise although they may be selling to others it would neer be the case that they would sell to themselves so they are less inclined to feel alienated from their fellow man. They can experience contact with the customers but not feel like they work directly for them so in this way I believe there wouldnt be predominant feelings of isolation. But if Marxs theory about the forms of alienation can take seem less relevant to todays working environment one cannot ignore the fact that work can indeed lead people feeling isolated or powerless.Marx views work as central to the human experience. But wh y does man work? Looking to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, we see employment fulfilling level 2 Safety needs but also, beyond that, our need for Love and Belonging can often be met via work. Even people in the most mundane of jobs often look to their co-workers as valuable providers of community. Marx posits that proper work (that is not under a capitalistic regime) also provides people with a sense of ego-worth and achievement. But clearly this is true in current day working lives, even in capitalistic economies. Indeed Durkhiem, contrary to the views of Marx and Engels, gave a positive analysis of the industrial society, with less emphasis on capitalism. He spoke of a more heterogeneous society and a more single out division of labour where people are more dependent on one another. This interdependence he felt brought people together as you have to go to others to receive the necessary products for daily life. So society was viewed more as a body that functions together as a whole. It is important to phone that Marxs alienation theory was part of his earliest work and possibly an opening thought into his later more developed work on capitalism as an economic structure within society. If it is true, as I believe, that many of Marxs theories have significantly less relevance since advancements made after the industrial revolution, I believe it is equally true that much of his work on alienation has been crucial in shaping our contemporary understanding and practices of work. For example even in todays factory setting, workers are now often asked for their opinions and suggestions to improve conditions at the work place. And with 360 degree feedback becoming the norm in the Western workplace, workers can comment on their managers execution too which gives them a sense of control over their working conditions and allows their voices to be heard. It is not inconceivable to imagine that the introduction of worker voice was aided by Marxs concerns about alienation. In fact a highly successful British retailer, John Lewis Partnership, which I worked at for several months, was founded on the principles of total employee ownership with the thought that this would create a direct link to the success of the business. However these improved environments in work places are witnessed predominantly in Western countries factories in the create world can be seen to maintain conditions much more akin to that of the 19th century factories in Europe.If one accepts Marxs premise that work is central to humans as a basic form of self realization then it isnt difficult to understand how the loss of employment can be equally isolating. Although people may feel alienated at work Braverman points out unemployment is even more degrading and isolating. In their study, Your Job No Longer Exists From Experiences of Alienation to Expectations of resilience Vickers and Parris suggest We have entered the age of the contingent or temporary worker where we are expected to be pliable and tractable to fit in (Vickers and Parris, 2007, 114). For example, when a worker is fired from their job, there are often associated feelings of rejection and alienation which can be agonizing. They claimed alienated workers tend to experience similar emotions, including powerlessness and social isolation as well as shock, betrayal, humiliation and shame (Blauner 1964, 101).So as working lives are constantly changing and being altered to suit contemporary society the very concepts that Marx used to portray the evils of capitalism may indeed be helpful in understanding reactions to the loss of that central source of self realization, work.I strongly feel although Marxs original ideas about alienation at work appear overly focussed on 19th century working conditions, particularly in the mass production manufacturing world, the concept is not without merit in understanding how contemporary workers may come to feel a sense of isolation or powerlessness via work. Marx ma y have taken an overly critical view of capitalism but in doing so he no doubt opened the door for a wider recognition of the importance of worker voice and engendering a sense of belonging or value to individual labour. Braverman has subdued his debt to Marxs work on capitalism and alienation at work, and although he has not contributed much in the way of innovative theories on the topic he can be seen to renew Marxs work in modern society. The Managed Heart demonstrates Hochschilds vigorous application of Marxs alienation theory while condemning the feeling of alienation undergo as a result of the comodification of human emotions. However I have to wonder whether this comodification of feelings directly results in alienation. Both Bolton and Boyd outwardly reject the idea of emotional labour as contending with wage labour as they believe not all peoples feelings are necessarily comodified during the labour process. They argue that workers have a relatively large amount of emoti onal choice due to the narrow degree that their emotions can be comodified, and therefore wouldnt experience much alienation at work in the sense Hochschild refers to. Overall I believe in many ways alienation appears to be only of limited use as a concept for understanding contemporary working lives however through the work of such sociologists as Marx it has been essential in moulding our existing understanding and practices of work. recent society has a much broader spectrum of work than just mass production in factories but with the work of sociologists such as Gramsci and Braverman who have built on existing ideas of alienation by Marx and others we can continually deepen our knowledge and increase our understanding of contemporary working lives.Word Count 2,847

One Hundred Years of Solitude/Cien Anos de Soledad : The Buendía Famil

One Hundred Years of Solitude/Cien Anos de Soledad   The Buenda Family            Bibliography w/3 sources  The family is at the center of Latin American society. It provides a sense of stability amidst economic and political instability. Blood ties often become business contacts, and keeping in touch with as many relatives as possible is an economic advantage. The male is the dominant figure in Latin American families. He supports the family financially and decides the familys residence. As a result of his authority, he is often distant from his children (Barroa 75). He must prove himself muy macho (very much a man) through the conquest of several women (74). In fact, many Latin American men maintain separate houses from their family with a mistress (74). Poet Octavia Paz comments on machismo, saying that the ideal male must never snuff it in, that is, allow the exterior world to penetrate his interior self, his maleness (7 4). In Latin America, the female runs the household (74). She educates the children and manages the finances. As a result, the Latin American family is matriarchal. Whereas the come is distant, the mother is linked with love and proximity and has a greater influence on the children (75). The Buendas of One Hundred Years of Solitude fit this ride in several ways. Family ties are strong within the family. Everyone lives in the same house. One of two family names--Aureliano and Jos Arcadio-- is passed down to all male Buendas. The men in the fresh fit into one of two categories (Bell-Villida 95). The Jos Arcadios are on one side of the spectrum, exhibiting an extreme form of machismo. When they make a decision, no one... ... strong, and the men are all muy macho or extremely remote from the rest of the family. However, the Buendas digress from this model in several instances. The men are not family leaders, and the women take on the traditional roles of both parents in the famil y. Another key deviation from the traditional family structure is the Buendas failure to form relationships with the community. They resort to incest, a digression from the norm which perhaps causes the eventual destruction of the Buenda clan. Bibliography Bell-Villada, Gene H. Garcia Marquez The Man and His Work. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Gonzalez, Anibal. Translation and genealogy One Hundred Years of Solitude. In McGuirk and Cardwell, 65-79. James, Regina. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Revolutions in Wonderland. Columbia University of Missouri Press, 1981.  

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma?When I was 7 years old my family and I took my grandmother on a trip around northern India. It was her desire to make pilgrimages to the temples that were considered to be the holiest by the Swaminaryans, an orthodox junto of Hindus. At that time in my life, I couldnt even pretend to be interested in the activities occurring within the temples. Instead, I was mesmerized by my proximity to the wildlife that was lounging skilful outside of the actual walls of temples. In a two-week span of time I must have seen more than twenty temples, and by the end they all woolly-headed together except for one. Although the temple itself was not magnificent, what was occurring inside has remained with me to this day. A male priest, who was sitting at the main alter, was pulling on elderly womans hair make her to scream hysterically. I discovered that the woman was suffering from a headache and was having it cured by the priest. More accurately, she was having the ghosts removed from her brain. For the individuals who were directly involved in the solemnity and for many of the people with whom I was traveling, exorcism was a perfectly legitimate way of curing an illness of the body. The cure had no pharmaceutical basis, but it was establish in the peoples belief system. The belief system for the circumstance that I witnessed was a ritualistic aspect of Hinduism. In the case of the exorcism, the individuals involved expected that the treatment would work, and as a result the treatment did work. The idea that people benefit from expectation alone is called the placebo effect, and it is not unique to India or to the east. Placebos are medications or treatments that are clement and have no pharmacological properties 1)The Placebo Effect Real of Imagined. The category of placebo includes everything from the hair pulling I witnessed in India to the starch pills that millions of American women take along with their consanguinity control. Until recently, placebos were considered important to Western medicine, in so far as they were part of a rigorous scientific method of testing and approving new medicine. In particular, a standard part of clinical trials is the division of patients into two categories. One category is given the medication being tested and the other is given placebo pills.